Climate Change and Allergic Diseases: A Scoping Review Publisher



Agache I¹ ; Akdis C^{2, 3} ; Akdis M² ; Alhemoud A⁴ ; Annesimaesano I⁵ ; Balmes J⁶ ; Cecchi L⁷ ; Damialis A⁸ ; Haahtela T⁹ ; Haber AL¹⁰ ; Hart JE^{10, 11} ; Jutel M¹² ; Mitamura Y² ; Mmbaga BT¹³ Show All Authors
Source: Journal of Climate Change and Health Published:2024

Abstract

Introduction: Increased greenhouse gas emissions since the industrial age have led to higher global temperatures and frequency and severity of climate events, such as heat waves, wildfires, floods, and storms. These changes are adversely affecting human health and increasing disease risk, including risk of allergic diseases. Further understanding of the environmental factors and the cellular and molecular mechanisms mediating these increases can assist in developing strategies to adapt to and mitigate climate change. Materials and Methods: We conducted a scoping review of the literature from 2010 through 2024 using PubMed and Scopus. Results: Thunderstorms, dust storms, wildfires, and other climate change factors increase allergies both directly and indirectly through increases in particulate matter, pollen, migration of disease vectors and decreases in biodiversity. The epithelial barrier, hygiene, “old friends,” and biodiversity hypotheses have been put forward to explain the underlying mechanism mediating these increases. Conclusion: There is an urgent need to reduce the use of fossil fuels to mitigate climate change and protect planetary and human health. While international accords such as the 2015 Paris Agreement have been signed with the aim of lowering greenhouse gases and limiting future global temperature increases, it is clear that increased efforts are needed to meet these goals. Evidence-based solutions for adapting to the increased prevalence of allergic diseases and cost-benefit analysis of current mitigation strategies for lowering allergic diseases are also needed. © 2024 The Authors