The Effects of Sandblasting and Acid Etching Variables on Surface Micro-Roughness of Dental Implants: Determination of Controlled Values Publisher Pubmed



Rajabifard Z ; Seyed Darabi SK ; Dehghanpour AA ; Rokn A ; Rouhi G
Source: Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine Published:2026

Abstract

Dental implantation is the most reliable method for replacing missing teeth. Success rate of dental implants is influenced by osseointegration. Surface roughness of implants influences osseointegration by altering surface area and texture, providing stimulation to cells. Sandblasting and acid-etching are common methods for making implant surfaces rough. Main goal of this study was to investigate effects of sandblasting and acid-etching variables, that is, blasting-pressure and acid-temperature, on surface roughness of implants to find the controlled values of variables for a favorable surface roughness. An acceptable surface roughness was assumed to have an arithmetic average height (Sa) between 1 and 2 µm, and an area developed ratio (Sdr) over 50%. Seventy-two titanium-made analogs were sandblasted with three different pressures, that is, 4, 5, and 6 MPa, and three different durations, that is, 15, 30, and 45 s, and then were etched with two different etching temperature, that is, 60°C and 80°C, and two exposure-time, that is, 5 and 10 min (two repetition for each combination). Surface roughness parameters were then measured using a profilometer. Multi-factorial ANOVA was used as statistical analysis method. Results showed that 14 groups demonstrated favorable Sa (1–2 µm), among which just four groups had acceptable Sdr (Sdr > 50%). Among four parameters stated above, which affect sandblasting and acid-etching processes, it was found that blasting duration is the most effective variable on implants roughness. This work highlights the importance of sandblasting and acid-etching parameters for a controlled titanium dental implant surface, which can achieve surface roughness parameters that correspond to those previously reported in the literature as favorable ones for osseointegration. © IMechE 2026