Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality in Ophthalmology: A Recent Update Publisher



Bibakbejandi Z ; Razavi A ; Niktinat H ; Yucel ZJ ; Sebhat AM ; Bibakbejandi R ; Arabpoor Z ; Khandaker AN ; Sanchez J ; Nusair O ; Soleimani M
Source: Digital Health Published:2025

Abstract

Virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) are three-dimensional (3D) environments designed to mimic the real world. They have shown significant applications in science, especially in medicine. Their use spans various areas, including education, surgical training, patient education, and medical instruction. In ophthalmology, which is considered a field of microsurgery, VR and AR provide a 3D environment for practicing precise procedures. The ability to repeat exercises, independence from real patients, and tactile feedback allow residents to practice numerous times in a risk-free setting. Learning in a 3D environment is not limited to surgical techniques but it also supports learning theoretical concepts and practicing patient history-taking, reducing dependence on traditional professional training. This approach allows students in low socioeconomic countries to access high-quality training platforms. Beyond medical education, VR and AR can also be used to educate patients in a simple and accessible way, helping them understand their pathophysiology. Raising awareness about signs and symptoms is an effective method to prevent the progression of eye conditions. In this narrative review, we discuss the applications of VR and AR in ophthalmology, their benefits, and future directions. © 2025 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.