Breakfast Skipping Alone and in Interaction With Inflammatory Based Quality of Diet Increases the Risk of Higher Scores of Psychological Problems Profile in a Large Sample of Iranian Adults Publisher Pubmed



Haghighatdoost F¹ ; Feizi A^{3, 4} ; Esmaillzadeh A⁵ ; Keshteli AH⁶ ; Afshar H² ; Adibi P⁴ Show Affiliations
Source: Journal of Nutritional Science Published:2021

Abstract

The authors investigate the association of breakfast skipping and its interaction with a dietary inflammatory index (DII) with the severity of psychological disorders. A total of 2876 Iranian general adults were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Psychological problems profile score was calculated using the regression method in the framework of factor analysis based on depression, anxiety and psychological distress. The higher scores indicate more severity of mental problem. The frequency of breakfast eating in a week was assessed. Dietary intakes were assessed using a food-frequency questionnaire and twenty-seven items were included in the calculation of DII. In the crude model, individuals who ate breakfast seldom had the highest odds for having worse psychological problems profile (OR 3·59; 95 % CI 2·52, 5·11). Adjustment for various confounders did not change the associations (OR 3·35; 95 % CI 2·11, 5·32). In the adjusted multinomial logistic regression model, participants with high DII (>median) who skipped breakfast had highest risk of being in the higher tertiles of psychological problems profile compared with those who had low DII (