Geographical Differences in Ophthalmic Trauma Outcomes and Risk Factors: The International Globe and Adnexal Trauma Epidemiological Eye Study (Igates)

Geographical Differences in Ophthalmic Trauma Outcomes and Risk Factors: The International Globe and Adnexal Trauma Epidemiological Eye Study (Igates) Publisher Pubmed

Hoskin AK^{1, 2} ; Sheng SNM³ ; Blanch RJ^{4, 5, 6} ; Giridhar A⁷ ; Pauly M⁷ ; Shah M⁸ ; Sen A⁹ ; Irawati Y¹⁰ ; Pradhan E¹¹ ; Romero J¹² ; Agarwal M¹³ ; Soleimani M¹⁴ ; Grover AK¹⁵ ; Mishra C¹⁶ Show All Authors

Hoskin AK^{1, 2}
Sheng SNM³
Blanch RJ^{4, 5, 6}
Giridhar A⁷
Pauly M⁷
Shah M⁸
Sen A⁹
Irawati Y¹⁰
Pradhan E¹¹
Romero J¹²
Agarwal M¹³
Soleimani M¹⁴
Grover AK¹⁵
Mishra C¹⁶
Ocampo HH¹⁷
Khatri A^{18, 19}
Bhalerao SA²⁰
Bhasin P²¹
Ayachit A²²
Subramanian PS²³
Khandelwal R²⁴
Natarajan S²⁵
Sindal MD²⁶
Singh S²⁷
Fredrick T N²⁸
Zvornicanin J^{29, 30}
Sundar G³¹
Dalmaweiszhausz J³²
Awan A³³
Ratra D³⁴
Bhatacharjee K³⁵
Choovuthayakorn J³⁶
Sharma S³⁷
Tawdekar Y³⁸
Jayadev C³⁹
Boesoirie SF⁴⁰
Rousselot AM⁴¹
Rojascarabali W³
Watson SL¹
Lee B³
Agrawal R^{42, 43, 44, 45}

Show Affiliations

1. Discipline of Ophthalmology, Save Sight Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
2. Lions Eye Institute, University of Western Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
3. Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
4. Ophthalmology Department, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
5. Academic Department of Military Surgery and Trauma, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, United Kingdom
6. Department of Neuroscience and Ophthalmology, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
7. Giridhar Eye Institute, Kerala, Cochin, India
8. Drashti Netralaya, Gujarat, Dahod, India
9. Sadguru Netra Chikitsalya, Chitrakoot, India
10. Jakarta Eye Hospitals and Clinics, Jakarta, Indonesia
11. Tilganga Institute of Ophthalmology, Kathmandu, Nepal
12. Unidad Nacional de Oftalmologia de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala
13. Dr. Shroff’s Charity Eye Hospital, New Delhi, India
14. Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran, Iran
15. Sir Gangaram Hospital, New Delhi, India
16. Trilochan Netralaya, Odisha, Sambalpur, India
17. Clinica de Oftalmologia de Cali, and Fundacion Valle del Lili, Cali, Colombia
18. Birat Eye Hospital, Biratnagar, Nepal
19. Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
20. Shantilal Shanghvi Cornea Institute, L V Prasad Eye Institute, KVC Campus, Andhra Pradesh, Vijayawada, India
21. Ratan Jyoti Netralaya, Gwalior, India
22. MM Joshi Eye Institute, Hubli, India
23. University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
24. NKP Salve Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur, India
25. Aditya Jyot Eye Hospital, Mumbai, India
26. Aravind Eye Hospital and Postgraduate Institute of Ophthalmology, Pondicherry, India
27. Shakeen Eye Dental Hospital and Lasik Laser Centre, Amritsar, India
28. Nirmals Eye Hospital, Tambaram, India
29. Eye Clinic University Clinical Center Tuzla, Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina
30. Faculty of Health Studies, University of Bihac, Bihac, Bosnia and Herzegovina
31. Department of Ophthalmology, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
32. Asociacion para Evitar la Ceguera en Mexico, San Lucas, Mexico
33. SHIFA International Hospitals Ltd, Islamabad, Pakistan
34. Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
35. Sri Sankaradeva Nethralaya, Guwahati, India
36. Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
37. BP Eye Foundation (CHEERS), Bhaktapur, Nepal
38. Choithram Netralaya, Indore, India
39. Narayana Nethralaya Eye Hospital, Bangalore, India
40. Cicendo Eye Hospital Bandung, Padjadjaran University, Bandung, Indonesia
41. Consultorios Oftalmologicos Benisek Ascarza, Capital Federal, Buenos Aires, Argentina
42. Department of Ophthalmology, National Healthcare Group Eye Institute, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
43. Moorfields Eye Hospital, NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
44. Singapore Eye Research Institute, The Academia, Singapore, Singapore
45. Academic Clinical Program, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore

Source: Eye (Basingstoke) Published:2025

Abstract

Objectives: Characterise the international variation in ophthalmic trauma and determine risk factors associated with visual and anatomical outcomes for low-, middle- and high-income countries. Subjects/Methods: Observational multi-centre cohort study using data from the International Globe and Adnexal Trauma Epidemiological Eye Study (IGATES) from April 2014 to August 2023. Data on acute presentations of ophthalmic injury including open/closed globe injury, and/or Adnexal/orbital involvement, and/or intraocular/ intraorbital foreign body were collected and Ocular Trauma Score (OTS) was calculated. A total of 5350 patients (5557 eyes) from 31 centres in 12 countries were included. The main outcome measures included demographics, mechanism and setting of injury, and presenting and final visual outcomes. Descriptive statistics, Kruskal–Wallis tests and multinomial logistic regression (MLR) analysis are presented, with correction performed using the Hochberg method. P values less than 0.005 were significant. Results: Age, gender, presenting and final best-corrected visual acuity were all strongly associated with country (p < 0.005). Poor final visual outcomes were strongly associated with OTS predictions, type of injury (p < 0.005) and delayed presentation as well as firework injuries. High-income countries (HIC) showing reduced duration to presentation (HIC 5 h) and increased improvement in visual acuity (HIC −0.40) compared to low to middle-income countries (LMICs) (28 h) (−0.19). MLR analysis identified a significant association between countries' income classification and BCVA worse than 6/60, presence of scleral, iris, limbus injury and surgery being undertaken (p < 0.005). Conclusion: Data from 31 centres internationally identified differences in demographic trends for each country. Age was identified as a risk factor for eye injuries. Low- and middle-income countries were associated with longer delays to presentation, smaller gains in BCVA and poorer visual outcomes. IGATES provides an opportunity to collect global data on ophthalmic trauma to facilitate improved management and prevention strategies. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to The Royal College of Ophthalmologists 2025.

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Style	Citing Format
MLA	Hoskin AK, et al.. "Geographical Differences in Ophthalmic Trauma Outcomes and Risk Factors: The International Globe and Adnexal Trauma Epidemiological Eye Study (Igates)." Eye (Basingstoke), vol. 39, no. 8, 2025, pp. 1532-1539.
APA	Hoskin AK, Sheng SNM, Blanch RJ, Giridhar A, Pauly M, Shah M, Sen A, Irawati Y, Pradhan E, Romero J, Agarwal M, Soleimani M, Grover AK, Mishra C, Ocampo HH, Khatri A, Bhalerao SA, Bhasin P, Ayachit A, ... Agrawal R (2025). Geographical Differences in Ophthalmic Trauma Outcomes and Risk Factors: The International Globe and Adnexal Trauma Epidemiological Eye Study (Igates). Eye (Basingstoke), 39(8), 1532-1539.
Chicago	Hoskin AK, Sheng SNM, Blanch RJ, Giridhar A, Pauly M, Shah M, Sen A, et al.. "Geographical Differences in Ophthalmic Trauma Outcomes and Risk Factors: The International Globe and Adnexal Trauma Epidemiological Eye Study (Igates)." Eye (Basingstoke) 39, no. 8 (2025): 1532-1539.
Harvard	Hoskin AK et al. (2025) 'Geographical Differences in Ophthalmic Trauma Outcomes and Risk Factors: The International Globe and Adnexal Trauma Epidemiological Eye Study (Igates)', Eye (Basingstoke), 39(8), pp. 1532-1539.
Vancouver	Hoskin AK, Sheng SNM, Blanch RJ, Giridhar A, Pauly M, Shah M, et al.. Geographical Differences in Ophthalmic Trauma Outcomes and Risk Factors: The International Globe and Adnexal Trauma Epidemiological Eye Study (Igates). Eye (Basingstoke). 2025;39(8):1532-1539.
BibTex	@article{ author = {Hoskin AK and Sheng SNM and Blanch RJ and Giridhar A and Pauly M and Shah M and Sen A and Irawati Y and Pradhan E and Romero J and Agarwal M and Soleimani M and Grover AK and Mishra C and Ocampo HH and Khatri A and Bhalerao SA and Bhasin P and Ayachit A and Subramanian PS and Khandelwal R and Natarajan S and Sindal MD and Singh S and Fredrick T N and Zvornicanin J and Sundar G and Dalmaweiszhausz J and Awan A and Ratra D and Bhatacharjee K and Choovuthayakorn J and Sharma S and Tawdekar Y and Jayadev C and Boesoirie SF and Rousselot AM and Rojascarabali W and Watson SL and Lee B and Agrawal R}, title = {Geographical Differences in Ophthalmic Trauma Outcomes and Risk Factors: The International Globe and Adnexal Trauma Epidemiological Eye Study (Igates)}, journal = {Eye (Basingstoke)}, volume = {39}, number = {8}, pages = {1532-1539}, year = {2025} }
RIS	TY - JOUR AU - Hoskin AK AU - Sheng SNM AU - Blanch RJ AU - Giridhar A AU - Pauly M AU - Shah M AU - Sen A AU - Irawati Y AU - Pradhan E AU - Romero J AU - Agarwal M AU - Soleimani M AU - Grover AK AU - Mishra C AU - Ocampo HH AU - Khatri A AU - Bhalerao SA AU - Bhasin P AU - Ayachit A AU - Subramanian PS AU - Khandelwal R AU - Natarajan S AU - Sindal MD AU - Singh S AU - Fredrick T N AU - Zvornicanin J AU - Sundar G AU - Dalmaweiszhausz J AU - Awan A AU - Ratra D AU - Bhatacharjee K AU - Choovuthayakorn J AU - Sharma S AU - Tawdekar Y AU - Jayadev C AU - Boesoirie SF AU - Rousselot AM AU - Rojascarabali W AU - Watson SL AU - Lee B AU - Agrawal R TI - Geographical Differences in Ophthalmic Trauma Outcomes and Risk Factors: The International Globe and Adnexal Trauma Epidemiological Eye Study (Igates) JO - Eye (Basingstoke) VL - 39 IS - 8 SP - 1532 EP - 1539 PY - 2025 ER -

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