Oral and Craniofacial Development and Immunology Publisher



Goudarzi M ; Tafreshi SM ; Zare S ; Ziaei H ; Rezaei N
Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology Published:2026

Abstract

This chapter explores the intricate interplay between immune regulation and craniofacial development, emphasizing the critical role of the immune system in both normal and pathological conditions. The process of craniofacial development, from the formation of pharyngeal arches and facial prominences to palate formation, is outlined, highlighting the susceptibility of these structures to maternal immune disruptions. Key immune interactions at the maternal–fetal interface are discussed, focusing on immune tolerance mechanisms that safeguard the fetus from maternal immune rejection. Dysregulation of this immune balance, whether through maternal infections, inflammation, or nutritional deficiencies, can lead to significant craniofacial defects such as cleft lip and palate. The chapter delves into the teratogenic effects of infections, such as Campylobacter rectus, rubella, and cytomegalovirus (CMV), which disrupt gene expression and interfere with crucial developmental pathways. The chapter further examines immune-mediated craniofacial disorders, including spondyloenchondrodysplasia (SPENCD), cherubism, autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy (APECED), Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis (LCH), and juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), explaining how immune dysfunction leads to abnormal bone remodeling and developmental anomalies. Finally, the chapter addresses preventive strategies, emphasizing the importance of maternal health optimization, adequate nutritional support, and early management of infections to mitigate the impact of immune dysregulation on craniofacial development. This comprehensive exploration provides a foundation for understanding the critical role of the immune system in oral and craniofacial development within the broader context of oral immunity. © 2025 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.