Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Insulin Therapies for Patients With Type 2 Diabetes in Iran: A Long-Term Analysis Using the Ukpds Model Publisher



A Darvishi ALI ; R Daroudi RAJABALI ; S Dehghan SOROUSH ; G Shafiee GITA ; A Ostovar AFSHIN ; R Heshmat RAMIN
Source: Journal of Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders Published:2025

Abstract

Purpose: This study aims to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of four insulin therapies— neutral protamine Hagedorn (NPH) insulin, insulin glargine-100 (IGlar-100), insulin detemir (IDet), and insulin lispro protamine (ILPS) —used in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Iran. Given the substantial economic burden of diabetes and the varying costs and clinical outcomes associated with different insulin types, this research provides evidence to inform optimal resource allocation and treatment decisions. Methods: A long-term cost-effectiveness analysis was conducted from the healthcare system perspective using the UKPDS Outcomes Model 2 (UKPDS-OM2). A sample of insulin-treated patients from the Iranian observational study of Diabetes Care (DiaCare) was simulated over a 40-year time horizon. Costs included direct treatment costs and diabetes-related complications. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) was calculated, and uncertainty was assessed using the bootstrap method. Results: ILPS was the least costly intervention ($5,891.06 purchasing power parity (PPP)), with a quality-adjusted life expectancy (QALE) of 8.22 years. IGlar-100 was dominated by ILPS, as it incurred higher costs with no added benefits. Also, compared to ILPS, NPH and IDet showed ICERs that exceeded the cost-effectiveness threshold, indicating that they are not cost-effective options. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that ILPS, compared to other evaluated insulins, is a cost-effective option, and thus the optimal choice in terms of efficiency at the population level. These findings provide critical insights for healthcare policymakers to guide decisions regarding diabetes treatment coverage and reimbursement strategies, ultimately improving patient access to cost-effective care. © 2025 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.