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Spatial Homogeneity and Heterogeneity of Ambient Air Pollutants in Tehran Publisher Pubmed



Faridi S1, 2 ; Niazi S3 ; Yousefian F2 ; Azimi F4 ; Pasalari H5 ; Momeniha F5 ; Mokammel A6 ; Gholampour A7 ; Hassanvand MS1, 2 ; Naddafi K1, 2
Authors
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Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Centre for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  2. 2. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  3. 3. International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
  4. 4. Nutrition Health Research Centre, Department of Environment Health, School of Health and Nutrition, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
  5. 5. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  6. 6. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Khalkhal University of Medical Sciences, Khalkhal, Iran
  7. 7. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran

Source: Science of the Total Environment Published:2019


Abstract

To investigate spatial inequality of ambient air pollutants and comparison of their heterogeneity and homogeneity across Tehran, the following quantitative indicators were utilized: coefficient of divergence (COD), the 90th percentile of the absolute differences between ambient air pollutant concentrations and coefficient of variation (CV). Real-time hourly concentrations of particulate matter (PM) and gaseous air pollutants (GAPs) of twenty-two air quality monitoring stations (AQMSs) were obtained from Tehran Air Quality Control Company (TAQCC) in 2017. Annual mean concentrations of PM2.5, PM10–2.5, and PM10 (PMX) ranged from 21.7 to 40.5, 37.3 to 75.0 and 58.0 to 110.4 μg m−3, respectively. Annual mean PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations were higher than the World Health Organization air quality guideline (WHO AQG) and national standard levels. NO2, O3, SO2 and CO annual mean concentrations ranged from 27.0 to 76.8, 15.5 to 25.1, 4.6 to 12.2 ppb, and 1.9 to 3.8 ppm over AQMSs, respectively. Our generated spatial maps exhibited that ambient PMX concentrations increased from the north into south and south-western areas as the hotspots of ambient PMX in Tehran. O3 hotspots were observed in the north and south-west, while NO2 hotspots were in the west and south. COD values of PMX demonstrated more results lower than the 0.2 cut off compared to GAPs; indicating high to moderate spatial homogeneity for PMX and moderate to high spatial heterogeneity for GAPs. Regarding CV approach, the spatial variabilities of air pollutants followed in the order of O3 (87.3%) > SO2 (65.2%) > CO (61.8%) > PM10–2.5 (52.5%) > PM2.5 (48.9%) > NO2 (48.1%) > PM10 (42.9%), which were mainly in agreement with COD results, except for NO2. COD values observed a statistically (P < 0.05) positive correlation with the values of the 90th percentile across AQMSs. Our study, for the first time, highlights spatial inequality of ambient PMX and GAPs in Tehran in detail to better facilitate establishing new intra-urban control policies. © 2019 Elsevier B.V.
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