The Global, Regional, and National Burden Attributable to Low Bone Mineral Density, 1990–2020: An Analysis of a Modifiable Risk Factor From the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

The Global, Regional, and National Burden Attributable to Low Bone Mineral Density, 1990–2020: An Analysis of a Modifiable Risk Factor From the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 Publisher

Hsieh E ; Bryazka D ; Ong KL ; Rhinehart PA ; Cousin E ; Hagins H ; Cooper C ; Cross M ; Culbreth GT ; Dreinhoefer KE ; Halbout P ; Kopec JA ; Nicholson SI ; Prietoalhambra D Show All Authors

Hsieh E
Bryazka D
Ong KL
Rhinehart PA
Cousin E
Hagins H
Cooper C
Cross M
Culbreth GT
Dreinhoefer KE
Halbout P
Kopec JA
Nicholson SI
Prietoalhambra D
Woolf AD
Vos T
Abate YH
Abdelsalam S
Abdoun M
Abouzid M
Abugharbieh E
Aburuz S
Adepoju AV
Adnani QES
Ahmad A
Ahmed H
Ahmed LA
Al Hasan SM
Alalwan TA
Alamer RM
Alemi H
Ali A
Alworafi YM
Amani R
Anil A
Arabloo J
Aravkin AY
Areda D
Aregawi BB
Asghari Jafarabadi M
Athari SS
Azadnajafabad S
Azzam AY
Badiye AD
Bagheri N
Bagherieh S
Balogun SA
Banach M
Barati S
Bhardwaj P
Bhaskar S
Bhatti GK
Bustanji Y
Calina D
Chattu VK
Chekol Abebe E
Chu DT
Criqui MH
Cruzmartins N
Dadras O
Dai X
Dai Z
Darvishi Cheshmeh Soltani R
Dashti M
Dejenie TA
Del Bo C
Denovagutierrez E
Devanbu VGC
Dewan SMR
Dhulipala VR
Ekholuenetale M
Elmonem MA
Etaee F
Fagbamigbe AF
Fakhradiyev IR
Fatehizadeh A
Feizkhah A
Fekadu G
Regassa BR
Fischer F
Gaipov A
Galluzzo L
Gebrehiwot M
Ghadirian F
Gill TK
Gohari K
Golchin A
Gupta B
Gupta S
Hadi NR
Hajmirzaian A
Hanif A
Harlianto NI
Hasan I
Hasnain MS
Hassan A
Hay SI
He J
Heidari G
Hezam K
Hiraike Y
Hoogar P
Hu C
Ibitoye SE
Iranmehr A
Ismail NE
Iwagami M
Jafarikhounigh A
Jakovljevic M
Jamshidi E
Jayapal SK
Jayaram S
Jemere DM
Jeong GH
Joseph N
Joshua CE
Jurisson M
Kadashetti V
Kalra S
Khafaie MA
Khajuria H
Khan MAB
Khanali J
Khanmohammadi S
Khatatbeh MM
Khateri S
Kim MS
Korzh O
Krishan K
Kulimbet M
Kulkarni V
Kurniasari MD
Lahariya C
Laksono T
Landires I
Latief K
Le TTT
Lee M
Lee WC
Llanaj E
Malhotra K
Malik AA
Martorell M
Maugeri A
Meles HN
Merati M
Meretoja TJ
Mestrovic T
Mirahmadi A
Mohamed NS
Mohammadianhafshejani A
Mokdad AH
Monasta L
Moradi Y
Morovatdar N
Morrison SD
Mostafavi E
Mousavi P
Mubarik S
Murray CJL
Muthu S
Naghavi M
Naghavi P
Natto ZS
Nayak BP
Nematollahi MH
Nguyen DH
Nguyen HQ
Nguyen VT
Niazi RK
Noman EA
Nurrika D
Okonji OC
Ordak M
Osman WMS
Ostadi Y
Padronmonedero A
Pardhan S
Parija PP
Parikh RR
Patel J
Petermannrocha FE
Pham HT
Prates EJS
Qattea I
Rahimi M
Rahimimovaghar V
Rahman M
Rahmati M
Raimondo I
Ramasamy SK
Rashedi S
Rashidi MM
Rawaf S
Redwan EM
Rezaei N
Saad AMA
Saeed U
Saghazadeh A
Saheb Sharifaskari F
Sahebkar A
Saki M
Sakshaug JW
Saleh MA
Samodra YL
Samy AM
Sanmarchi F
Saqib MAN
Schuermans A
Sethi Y
Seylani A
Shahwan MJ
Sham S
Shannawaz M
Sharfaei S
Sharma M
Shorofi SA
Siddig EE
Silva LMLR
Singh JA
Singh P
Soleimani H
Swain CK
Tabatabai S
Tamuzi JL
Tavakoli Oliaee R
Tavangar SM
Teramoto M
Terefa DR
Ticoalu JHV
Vaithinathan AG
Vasankari TJ
Vaziri S
Wang F
Wang S
Xia J
Yonemoto N
Yu C
Zahir M
Zhao H
Zielinska M
Zitoun OA
March LM
Sanchezriera L

Source: The Lancet Rheumatology Published:2025

Abstract

Background Fractures related to osteoporosis and low bone mineral density lead to substantial morbidity, mortality, and cost to individuals and health systems. Here we present the most up-to-date global, regional, and national estimates of the contribution of low bone mineral density to the burden of fractures from falls and additional categories of injuries from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021. Methods The burden of low bone mineral density was estimated from 1990 to 2020 in terms of years lived with disability (YLDs), disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), and deaths, for individuals aged 40 years and older, using data from population-based studies from 48 countries or territories (169 unique sources). Mean standardised femoral neck bone mineral density values were estimated by GBD location, age, and sex by meta-regression. Based on a separate meta-analysis of population-based studies from nine countries (12 unique sources), we also estimated the pooled relative risk of fractures per unit decrease in bone mineral density (g/cm2). The population-attributable fraction for low bone mineral density was calculated by comparing the observed distributions of standardised femoral neck bone mineral density to an age-specific and sex-specific counterfactual distribution, defined as the 99th percentile of five rounds of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey in the USA, by 5-year age group and sex. Hospital and emergency department data were used to derive the incidence of fractures for six categories of injury (road injuries, other transport injuries, falls, non-venomous animal contact, exposure to mechanical forces, and physical interpersonal violence) using ICD codes. Deaths due to fractures were estimated as the proportion of in-hospital deaths due to the specified injury causes for which a fracture (nature of injury code) was more severe than the cause of injury code. YLDs and DALYs attributable to low bone mineral density by cause of injury were also determined according to previous GBD methods. Findings In 2020, 8·32 million (95% UI 5·58–10·84) YLDs, 17·2 million (14·1–20·2) DALYs, and 477 000 (411 000–536 000) deaths were attributable to low bone mineral density globally in individuals aged 40 years and older. Between 1990 and 2020, global YLDs, DALYs, and deaths attributable to low bone mineral density increased by 91·8% (88·5–95·1), 89·8% (81·5–99·0), and 127·1% (108·5–144·5), respectively. Over this period, the age-standardised global rates of YLDs, DALYs, and deaths attributable to low bone mineral density showed modest decreases. In 2020, falls accounted for 76·2% (95% UI 74·2–78·3) of YLDs, 65·2% (62·9–67·6) of DALYs, and 71·0% (67·4–72·8) of deaths attributable to low bone mineral density, and road injuries largely accounted for the remaining amount: 12·4% (11·1–13·6) of YLDs, 24·6% (22·5–27·1) of DALYs, and 23·1% (21·6–26·2) of deaths. As a proportion of all fall-related burden, low bone mineral density accounted for 26·6% (23·2–28·7) of YLDs, 25·6% (22·1–27·4) of DALYs, and 40·6% (35·4–44·0) of deaths in 2020. Of all road injury-related burden, 12·6% (10·8–13·5) of YLDs, 6·3% (5·4–6·9) of DALYs, and 8·9% (7·6–9·6) of deaths were attributable to low bone mineral density. In men, road injuries accounted for the largest proportion of DALYs attributable to low bone mineral density in those aged 40–59 years and the largest proportion of deaths in those aged 40–64 years. In women, road injuries were the leading cause of DALYs attributable to low bone mineral density in those aged 40–44 years and the leading cause of deaths attributable to low bone mineral density in those aged 40–54 years. In older age groups among both men and women, falls were the leading cause of the burden attributable to low bone mineral density. Interpretation Low bone mineral density is a crucial modifiable risk factor for fractures, which are an important cause of morbidity and mortality particularly in ageing populations. This analysis highlights low bone mineral density as a cause of health loss not just from falls, but also from road injuries. Funding Gates Foundation. © 2025 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.

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Style	Citing Format
MLA	Hsieh E, et al.. "The Global, Regional, and National Burden Attributable to Low Bone Mineral Density, 1990–2020: An Analysis of a Modifiable Risk Factor From the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021." The Lancet Rheumatology, vol. 7, no. 12, 2025, pp. e873-e894.
APA	Hsieh E, Bryazka D, Ong KL, Rhinehart PA, Cousin E, Hagins H, Cooper C, Cross M, Culbreth GT, Dreinhoefer KE, Halbout P, Kopec JA, Nicholson SI, Prietoalhambra D, Woolf AD, Vos T, Abate YH, Abdelsalam S, Abdoun M, ... Sanchezriera L (2025). The Global, Regional, and National Burden Attributable to Low Bone Mineral Density, 1990–2020: An Analysis of a Modifiable Risk Factor From the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. The Lancet Rheumatology, 7(12), e873-e894.
Chicago	Hsieh E, Bryazka D, Ong KL, Rhinehart PA, Cousin E, Hagins H, Cooper C, et al.. "The Global, Regional, and National Burden Attributable to Low Bone Mineral Density, 1990–2020: An Analysis of a Modifiable Risk Factor From the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021." The Lancet Rheumatology 7, no. 12 (2025): e873-e894.
Harvard	Hsieh E et al. (2025) 'The Global, Regional, and National Burden Attributable to Low Bone Mineral Density, 1990–2020: An Analysis of a Modifiable Risk Factor From the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021', The Lancet Rheumatology, 7(12), pp. e873-e894.
Vancouver	Hsieh E, Bryazka D, Ong KL, Rhinehart PA, Cousin E, Hagins H, et al.. The Global, Regional, and National Burden Attributable to Low Bone Mineral Density, 1990–2020: An Analysis of a Modifiable Risk Factor From the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. The Lancet Rheumatology. 2025;7(12):e873-e894.
BibTex	@article{ author = {Hsieh E and Bryazka D and Ong KL and Rhinehart PA and Cousin E and Hagins H and Cooper C and Cross M and Culbreth GT and Dreinhoefer KE and Halbout P and Kopec JA and Nicholson SI and Prietoalhambra D and Woolf AD and Vos T and Abate YH and Abdelsalam S and Abdoun M and Abouzid M and Abugharbieh E and Aburuz S and Adepoju AV and Adnani QES and Ahmad A and Ahmed H and Ahmed LA and Al Hasan SM and Alalwan TA and Alamer RM and Alemi H and Ali A and Alworafi YM and Amani R and Anil A and Arabloo J and Aravkin AY and Areda D and Aregawi BB and Asghari Jafarabadi M and Athari SS and Azadnajafabad S and Azzam AY and Badiye AD and Bagheri N and Bagherieh S and Balogun SA and Banach M and Barati S and Bhardwaj P and Bhaskar S and Bhatti GK and Bustanji Y and Calina D and Chattu VK and Chekol Abebe E and Chu DT and Criqui MH and Cruzmartins N and Dadras O and Dai X and Dai Z and Darvishi Cheshmeh Soltani R and Dashti M and Dejenie TA and Del Bo C and Denovagutierrez E and Devanbu VGC and Dewan SMR and Dhulipala VR and Ekholuenetale M and Elmonem MA and Etaee F and Fagbamigbe AF and Fakhradiyev IR and Fatehizadeh A and Feizkhah A and Fekadu G and Regassa BR and Fischer F and Gaipov A and Galluzzo L and Gebrehiwot M and Ghadirian F and Gill TK and Gohari K and Golchin A and Gupta B and Gupta S and Hadi NR and Hajmirzaian A and Hanif A and Harlianto NI and Hasan I and Hasnain MS and Hassan A and Hay SI and He J and Heidari G and Hezam K and Hiraike Y and Hoogar P and Hu C and Ibitoye SE and Iranmehr A and Ismail NE and Iwagami M and Jafarikhounigh A and Jakovljevic M and Jamshidi E and Jayapal SK and Jayaram S and Jemere DM and Jeong GH and Joseph N and Joshua CE and Jurisson M and Kadashetti V and Kalra S and Khafaie MA and Khajuria H and Khan MAB and Khanali J and Khanmohammadi S and Khatatbeh MM and Khateri S and Kim MS and Korzh O and Krishan K and Kulimbet M and Kulkarni V and Kurniasari MD and Lahariya C and Laksono T and Landires I and Latief K and Le TTT and Lee M and Lee WC and Llanaj E and Malhotra K and Malik AA and Martorell M and Maugeri A and Meles HN and Merati M and Meretoja TJ and Mestrovic T and Mirahmadi A and Mohamed NS and Mohammadianhafshejani A and Mokdad AH and Monasta L and Moradi Y and Morovatdar N and Morrison SD and Mostafavi E and Mousavi P and Mubarik S and Murray CJL and Muthu S and Naghavi M and Naghavi P and Natto ZS and Nayak BP and Nematollahi MH and Nguyen DH and Nguyen HQ and Nguyen VT and Niazi RK and Noman EA and Nurrika D and Okonji OC and Ordak M and Osman WMS and Ostadi Y and Padronmonedero A and Pardhan S and Parija PP and Parikh RR and Patel J and Petermannrocha FE and Pham HT and Prates EJS and Qattea I and Rahimi M and Rahimimovaghar V and Rahman M and Rahmati M and Raimondo I and Ramasamy SK and Rashedi S and Rashidi MM and Rawaf S and Redwan EM and Rezaei N and Saad AMA and Saeed U and Saghazadeh A and Saheb Sharifaskari F and Sahebkar A and Saki M and Sakshaug JW and Saleh MA and Samodra YL and Samy AM and Sanmarchi F and Saqib MAN and Schuermans A and Sethi Y and Seylani A and Shahwan MJ and Sham S and Shannawaz M and Sharfaei S and Sharma M and Shorofi SA and Siddig EE and Silva LMLR and Singh JA and Singh P and Soleimani H and Swain CK and Tabatabai S and Tamuzi JL and Tavakoli Oliaee R and Tavangar SM and Teramoto M and Terefa DR and Ticoalu JHV and Vaithinathan AG and Vasankari TJ and Vaziri S and Wang F and Wang S and Xia J and Yonemoto N and Yu C and Zahir M and Zhao H and Zielinska M and Zitoun OA and March LM and Sanchezriera L}, title = {The Global, Regional, and National Burden Attributable to Low Bone Mineral Density, 1990–2020: An Analysis of a Modifiable Risk Factor From the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021}, journal = {The Lancet Rheumatology}, volume = {7}, number = {12}, pages = {e873-e894}, year = {2025} }
RIS	TY - JOUR AU - Hsieh E AU - Bryazka D AU - Ong KL AU - Rhinehart PA AU - Cousin E AU - Hagins H AU - Cooper C AU - Cross M AU - Culbreth GT AU - Dreinhoefer KE AU - Halbout P AU - Kopec JA AU - Nicholson SI AU - Prietoalhambra D AU - Woolf AD AU - Vos T AU - Abate YH AU - Abdelsalam S AU - Abdoun M AU - Abouzid M AU - Abugharbieh E AU - Aburuz S AU - Adepoju AV AU - Adnani QES AU - Ahmad A AU - Ahmed H AU - Ahmed LA AU - Al Hasan SM AU - Alalwan TA AU - Alamer RM AU - Alemi H AU - Ali A AU - Alworafi YM AU - Amani R AU - Anil A AU - Arabloo J AU - Aravkin AY AU - Areda D AU - Aregawi BB AU - Asghari Jafarabadi M AU - Athari SS AU - Azadnajafabad S AU - Azzam AY AU - Badiye AD AU - Bagheri N AU - Bagherieh S AU - Balogun SA AU - Banach M AU - Barati S AU - Bhardwaj P AU - Bhaskar S AU - Bhatti GK AU - Bustanji Y AU - Calina D AU - Chattu VK AU - Chekol Abebe E AU - Chu DT AU - Criqui MH AU - Cruzmartins N AU - Dadras O AU - Dai X AU - Dai Z AU - Darvishi Cheshmeh Soltani R AU - Dashti M AU - Dejenie TA AU - Del Bo C AU - Denovagutierrez E AU - Devanbu VGC AU - Dewan SMR AU - Dhulipala VR AU - Ekholuenetale M AU - Elmonem MA AU - Etaee F AU - Fagbamigbe AF AU - Fakhradiyev IR AU - Fatehizadeh A AU - Feizkhah A AU - Fekadu G AU - Regassa BR AU - Fischer F AU - Gaipov A AU - Galluzzo L AU - Gebrehiwot M AU - Ghadirian F AU - Gill TK AU - Gohari K AU - Golchin A AU - Gupta B AU - Gupta S AU - Hadi NR AU - Hajmirzaian A AU - Hanif A AU - Harlianto NI AU - Hasan I AU - Hasnain MS AU - Hassan A AU - Hay SI AU - He J AU - Heidari G AU - Hezam K AU - Hiraike Y AU - Hoogar P AU - Hu C AU - Ibitoye SE AU - Iranmehr A AU - Ismail NE AU - Iwagami M AU - Jafarikhounigh A AU - Jakovljevic M AU - Jamshidi E AU - Jayapal SK AU - Jayaram S AU - Jemere DM AU - Jeong GH AU - Joseph N AU - Joshua CE AU - Jurisson M AU - Kadashetti V AU - Kalra S AU - Khafaie MA AU - Khajuria H AU - Khan MAB AU - Khanali J AU - Khanmohammadi S AU - Khatatbeh MM AU - Khateri S AU - Kim MS AU - Korzh O AU - Krishan K AU - Kulimbet M AU - Kulkarni V AU - Kurniasari MD AU - Lahariya C AU - Laksono T AU - Landires I AU - Latief K AU - Le TTT AU - Lee M AU - Lee WC AU - Llanaj E AU - Malhotra K AU - Malik AA AU - Martorell M AU - Maugeri A AU - Meles HN AU - Merati M AU - Meretoja TJ AU - Mestrovic T AU - Mirahmadi A AU - Mohamed NS AU - Mohammadianhafshejani A AU - Mokdad AH AU - Monasta L AU - Moradi Y AU - Morovatdar N AU - Morrison SD AU - Mostafavi E AU - Mousavi P AU - Mubarik S AU - Murray CJL AU - Muthu S AU - Naghavi M AU - Naghavi P AU - Natto ZS AU - Nayak BP AU - Nematollahi MH AU - Nguyen DH AU - Nguyen HQ AU - Nguyen VT AU - Niazi RK AU - Noman EA AU - Nurrika D AU - Okonji OC AU - Ordak M AU - Osman WMS AU - Ostadi Y AU - Padronmonedero A AU - Pardhan S AU - Parija PP AU - Parikh RR AU - Patel J AU - Petermannrocha FE AU - Pham HT AU - Prates EJS AU - Qattea I AU - Rahimi M AU - Rahimimovaghar V AU - Rahman M AU - Rahmati M AU - Raimondo I AU - Ramasamy SK AU - Rashedi S AU - Rashidi MM AU - Rawaf S AU - Redwan EM AU - Rezaei N AU - Saad AMA AU - Saeed U AU - Saghazadeh A AU - Saheb Sharifaskari F AU - Sahebkar A AU - Saki M AU - Sakshaug JW AU - Saleh MA AU - Samodra YL AU - Samy AM AU - Sanmarchi F AU - Saqib MAN AU - Schuermans A AU - Sethi Y AU - Seylani A AU - Shahwan MJ AU - Sham S AU - Shannawaz M AU - Sharfaei S AU - Sharma M AU - Shorofi SA AU - Siddig EE AU - Silva LMLR AU - Singh JA AU - Singh P AU - Soleimani H AU - Swain CK AU - Tabatabai S AU - Tamuzi JL AU - Tavakoli Oliaee R AU - Tavangar SM AU - Teramoto M AU - Terefa DR AU - Ticoalu JHV AU - Vaithinathan AG AU - Vasankari TJ AU - Vaziri S AU - Wang F AU - Wang S AU - Xia J AU - Yonemoto N AU - Yu C AU - Zahir M AU - Zhao H AU - Zielinska M AU - Zitoun OA AU - March LM AU - Sanchezriera L TI - The Global, Regional, and National Burden Attributable to Low Bone Mineral Density, 1990–2020: An Analysis of a Modifiable Risk Factor From the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 JO - The Lancet Rheumatology VL - 7 IS - 12 SP - e873 EP - e894 PY - 2025 ER -

Style

Citing Format

MLA

Hsieh E, et al.. "The Global, Regional, and National Burden Attributable to Low Bone Mineral Density, 1990–2020: An Analysis of a Modifiable Risk Factor From the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021." The Lancet Rheumatology, vol. 7, no. 12, 2025, pp. e873-e894.

APA

Hsieh E, Bryazka D, Ong KL, Rhinehart PA, Cousin E, Hagins H, Cooper C, Cross M, Culbreth GT, Dreinhoefer KE, Halbout P, Kopec JA, Nicholson SI, Prietoalhambra D, Woolf AD, Vos T, Abate YH, Abdelsalam S, Abdoun M, ... Sanchezriera L (2025). The Global, Regional, and National Burden Attributable to Low Bone Mineral Density, 1990–2020: An Analysis of a Modifiable Risk Factor From the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. The Lancet Rheumatology, 7(12), e873-e894.

Chicago

Hsieh E, Bryazka D, Ong KL, Rhinehart PA, Cousin E, Hagins H, Cooper C, et al.. "The Global, Regional, and National Burden Attributable to Low Bone Mineral Density, 1990–2020: An Analysis of a Modifiable Risk Factor From the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021." The Lancet Rheumatology 7, no. 12 (2025): e873-e894.

Harvard

Hsieh E et al. (2025) 'The Global, Regional, and National Burden Attributable to Low Bone Mineral Density, 1990–2020: An Analysis of a Modifiable Risk Factor From the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021', The Lancet Rheumatology, 7(12), pp. e873-e894.

Vancouver

Hsieh E, Bryazka D, Ong KL, Rhinehart PA, Cousin E, Hagins H, et al.. The Global, Regional, and National Burden Attributable to Low Bone Mineral Density, 1990–2020: An Analysis of a Modifiable Risk Factor From the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. The Lancet Rheumatology. 2025;7(12):e873-e894.

BibTex

@article{ author = {Hsieh E and Bryazka D and Ong KL and Rhinehart PA and Cousin E and Hagins H and Cooper C and Cross M and Culbreth GT and Dreinhoefer KE and Halbout P and Kopec JA and Nicholson SI and Prietoalhambra D and Woolf AD and Vos T and Abate YH and Abdelsalam S and Abdoun M and Abouzid M and Abugharbieh E and Aburuz S and Adepoju AV and Adnani QES and Ahmad A and Ahmed H and Ahmed LA and Al Hasan SM and Alalwan TA and Alamer RM and Alemi H and Ali A and Alworafi YM and Amani R and Anil A and Arabloo J and Aravkin AY and Areda D and Aregawi BB and Asghari Jafarabadi M and Athari SS and Azadnajafabad S and Azzam AY and Badiye AD and Bagheri N and Bagherieh S and Balogun SA and Banach M and Barati S and Bhardwaj P and Bhaskar S and Bhatti GK and Bustanji Y and Calina D and Chattu VK and Chekol Abebe E and Chu DT and Criqui MH and Cruzmartins N and Dadras O and Dai X and Dai Z and Darvishi Cheshmeh Soltani R and Dashti M and Dejenie TA and Del Bo C and Denovagutierrez E and Devanbu VGC and Dewan SMR and Dhulipala VR and Ekholuenetale M and Elmonem MA and Etaee F and Fagbamigbe AF and Fakhradiyev IR and Fatehizadeh A and Feizkhah A and Fekadu G and Regassa BR and Fischer F and Gaipov A and Galluzzo L and Gebrehiwot M and Ghadirian F and Gill TK and Gohari K and Golchin A and Gupta B and Gupta S and Hadi NR and Hajmirzaian A and Hanif A and Harlianto NI and Hasan I and Hasnain MS and Hassan A and Hay SI and He J and Heidari G and Hezam K and Hiraike Y and Hoogar P and Hu C and Ibitoye SE and Iranmehr A and Ismail NE and Iwagami M and Jafarikhounigh A and Jakovljevic M and Jamshidi E and Jayapal SK and Jayaram S and Jemere DM and Jeong GH and Joseph N and Joshua CE and Jurisson M and Kadashetti V and Kalra S and Khafaie MA and Khajuria H and Khan MAB and Khanali J and Khanmohammadi S and Khatatbeh MM and Khateri S and Kim MS and Korzh O and Krishan K and Kulimbet M and Kulkarni V and Kurniasari MD and Lahariya C and Laksono T and Landires I and Latief K and Le TTT and Lee M and Lee WC and Llanaj E and Malhotra K and Malik AA and Martorell M and Maugeri A and Meles HN and Merati M and Meretoja TJ and Mestrovic T and Mirahmadi A and Mohamed NS and Mohammadianhafshejani A and Mokdad AH and Monasta L and Moradi Y and Morovatdar N and Morrison SD and Mostafavi E and Mousavi P and Mubarik S and Murray CJL and Muthu S and Naghavi M and Naghavi P and Natto ZS and Nayak BP and Nematollahi MH and Nguyen DH and Nguyen HQ and Nguyen VT and Niazi RK and Noman EA and Nurrika D and Okonji OC and Ordak M and Osman WMS and Ostadi Y and Padronmonedero A and Pardhan S and Parija PP and Parikh RR and Patel J and Petermannrocha FE and Pham HT and Prates EJS and Qattea I and Rahimi M and Rahimimovaghar V and Rahman M and Rahmati M and Raimondo I and Ramasamy SK and Rashedi S and Rashidi MM and Rawaf S and Redwan EM and Rezaei N and Saad AMA and Saeed U and Saghazadeh A and Saheb Sharifaskari F and Sahebkar A and Saki M and Sakshaug JW and Saleh MA and Samodra YL and Samy AM and Sanmarchi F and Saqib MAN and Schuermans A and Sethi Y and Seylani A and Shahwan MJ and Sham S and Shannawaz M and Sharfaei S and Sharma M and Shorofi SA and Siddig EE and Silva LMLR and Singh JA and Singh P and Soleimani H and Swain CK and Tabatabai S and Tamuzi JL and Tavakoli Oliaee R and Tavangar SM and Teramoto M and Terefa DR and Ticoalu JHV and Vaithinathan AG and Vasankari TJ and Vaziri S and Wang F and Wang S and Xia J and Yonemoto N and Yu C and Zahir M and Zhao H and Zielinska M and Zitoun OA and March LM and Sanchezriera L}, title = {The Global, Regional, and National Burden Attributable to Low Bone Mineral Density, 1990–2020: An Analysis of a Modifiable Risk Factor From the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021}, journal = {The Lancet Rheumatology}, volume = {7}, number = {12}, pages = {e873-e894}, year = {2025} }

RIS

TY - JOUR
AU - Hsieh E
AU - Bryazka D
AU - Ong KL
AU - Rhinehart PA
AU - Cousin E
AU - Hagins H
AU - Cooper C
AU - Cross M
AU - Culbreth GT
AU - Dreinhoefer KE
AU - Halbout P
AU - Kopec JA
AU - Nicholson SI
AU - Prietoalhambra D
AU - Woolf AD
AU - Vos T
AU - Abate YH
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AU - March LM
AU - Sanchezriera L
TI - The Global, Regional, and National Burden Attributable to Low Bone Mineral Density, 1990–2020: An Analysis of a Modifiable Risk Factor From the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
JO - The Lancet Rheumatology
VL - 7
IS - 12
SP - e873
EP - e894
PY - 2025
ER -

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Abstract