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Mapping Disparities in Education Across Low- and Middle-Income Countries Publisher Pubmed



Graetz N356 ; Woyczynski L356 ; Wilson KF356 ; Hall JB356 ; Abate KH1 ; Abdallah F2 ; Adebayo OM3 ; Adekanmbi V4 ; Afshari M5 ; Ajumobi O6, 7 ; Akinyemiju T8, 9 ; Alahdab F10 ; Alaly Z11, 12 ; Rabanal JEA13 Show All Authors
Authors
  1. Graetz N356
  2. Woyczynski L356
  3. Wilson KF356
  4. Hall JB356
  5. Abate KH1
  6. Abdallah F2
  7. Adebayo OM3
  8. Adekanmbi V4
  9. Afshari M5
  10. Ajumobi O6, 7
  11. Akinyemiju T8, 9
  12. Alahdab F10
  13. Alaly Z11, 12
  14. Rabanal JEA13
  15. Alijanzadeh M14
  16. Alipour V15
  17. Altirkawi K16
  18. Amiresmaili M17
  19. Anber NH18
  20. Andrei CL19
  21. Anjomshoa M20
  22. Antonio CAT21, 22
  23. Arabloo J15
  24. Aremu O23
  25. Aryal KK24
  26. Asadialiabadi M25
  27. Atique S26
  28. Ausloos M27
  29. Awasthi A28
  30. Quintanilla BPA29, 30
  31. Azari S15
  32. Badawi A31, 32
  33. Banoub JAM33
  34. Barkercollo SL34
  35. Barnett A35
  36. Bedi N36, 37
  37. Bennett DA38
  38. Bhattacharjee NV356
  39. Bhattacharyya K39, 40
  40. Bhattarai S41
  41. Bhutta ZA42, 43
  42. Bijani A44
  43. Bikbov B45
  44. Britton G46
  45. Burstein R356
  46. Butt ZA47, 48
  47. Cardenas R49
  48. Carvalho F50, 51
  49. Castanedaorjuela CA52, 53
  50. Castro F54
  51. Cerin E35, 55
  52. Chang JC56
  53. Collison ML356
  54. Cooper C57, 58
  55. Cork MA356
  56. Daoud F356
  57. Das Gupta R59, 60
  58. Weaver ND356
  59. De Neve JW61
  60. Deribe K62, 63
  61. Desalegn BB64
  62. Deshpande A356
  63. Desta M65, 66
  64. Dhimal M67
  65. Diaz D66, 68
  66. Dinberu MT69
  67. Djalalinia S70
  68. Dubey M71
  69. Dubljanin E72
  70. Duraes AR73, 74
  71. Dwyerlindgren L75, 356
  72. Earl L356
  73. Kalan ME76
  74. Elkhatib Z77, 78
  75. Eshrati B79, 80
  76. Faramarzi M81
  77. Fareed M82
  78. Faro A83
  79. Fereshtehnejad SM84, 85
  80. Fernandes E86
  81. Filip I87, 88
  82. Fischer F89
  83. Fukumoto T90, 91
  84. Garcia JA92
  85. Gill PS93
  86. Gill TK94
  87. Gona PN95
  88. Gopalani SV96, 97
  89. Grada A98
  90. Guo Y99, 100
  91. Gupta R101, 102
  92. Gupta V103
  93. Hajmirzaian A104, 105
  94. Hajmirzaian A104, 105
  95. Hamadeh RR107
  96. Hamidi S108
  97. Hasan M60
  98. Hassen HY109, 110
  99. Hendrie D111
  100. Henok A109
  101. Henry NJ356
  102. Prado BH75, 356
  103. Herteliu C27
  104. Hole MK112
  105. Hossain N113, 114
  106. Hosseinzadeh M115, 116
  107. Hu G117
  108. Ilesanmi OS118
  109. Irvani SSN119
  110. Islam SMS120, 121
  111. Izadi N122
  112. Jakovljevic M123
  113. Jha RP124
  114. Ji JS125, 126
  115. Jonas JB127, 128
  116. Shushtari ZJ129
  117. Jozwiak JJ130
  118. Kanchan T131
  119. Kasaeian A132, 133
  120. Karyani AK134
  121. Keiyoro PN135
  122. Kesavachandran CN136
  123. Khader YS137
  124. Khafaie MA138
  125. Khan EA139
  126. Khater MM140
  127. Kiadaliri AA141
  128. Kiirithio DN142
  129. Kim YJ143
  130. Kimokoti RW144
  131. Kinyoki DK75, 356
  132. Kisa A145
  133. Kosen S146
  134. Koyanagi A147, 148
  135. Krishan K149
  136. Defo BK150, 151
  137. Kumar M152, 153
  138. Kumar P154
  139. Lami FH155
  140. Lee PH156
  141. Levine AJ356
  142. Li S99
  143. Liao Y157, 158
  144. Lim LL159, 160
  145. Listl S161, 162
  146. Lopez JCF158, 163
  147. Majdan M164
  148. Majdzadeh R165, 166
  149. Majeed A167
  150. Malekzadeh R168, 169
  151. Mansournia MA170
  152. Martinsmelo FR171
  153. Masaka A172
  154. Massenburg BB173
  155. Mayala BK356
  156. Mehta KM174
  157. Mendoza W175
  158. Mensah GA176, 177
  159. Meretoja TJ178, 179
  160. Mestrovic T180, 181
  161. Miller TR111, 182
  162. Mini GK183, 184
  163. Mirrakhimov EM185, 186
  164. Moazen B61, 187
  165. Mohammad DK188, 189
  166. Darwesh AM190
  167. Mohammed S61, 191
  168. Mohebi F192, 193
  169. Mokdad AH75, 356
  170. Monasta L194
  171. Moodley Y195
  172. Moosazadeh M196
  173. Moradi G197, 198
  174. Moradilakeh M25
  175. Moraga P199
  176. Morawska L200
  177. Morrison SD201
  178. Mosser JF356
  179. Mousavi SM202, 203
  180. Murray CJL75, 356
  181. Mustafa G204, 205
  182. Nahvijou A206
  183. Najafi F207
  184. Nangia V208
  185. Ndwandwe DE209
  186. Negoi I210, 211
  187. Negoi RI212, 213
  188. Ngunjiri JW214
  189. Nguyen CT215
  190. Nguyen LH216
  191. Ningrum DNA217, 218
  192. Noubiap JJ177
  193. Shiadeh MN219
  194. Nyasulu PS220
  195. Ogbo FA221
  196. Olagunju AT222, 223
  197. Olusanya BO224
  198. Olusanya JO224
  199. Onwujekwe OE225
  200. Ortegaaltamirano DDV13
  201. Ortizpanozo E226, 227
  202. Overland S228, 229
  203. Mahesh PA230
  204. Pana A27, 231
  205. Pandajonas S232
  206. Pati S233
  207. Patton GC234, 235
  208. Perico N236
  209. Pigott DM75, 356
  210. Pirsaheb M134
  211. Postma MJ237, 238
  212. Pourshams A168
  213. Prakash S239
  214. Puri P240
  215. Qorbani M241
  216. Radfar A242, 243
  217. Rahim F244, 245
  218. Rahimimovaghar V246
  219. Rahman MHU247
  220. Rajati F134
  221. Ranabhat CL248, 249
  222. Rawaf DL250, 251
  223. Rawaf S167, 252
  224. Remuzzi G236
  225. Renzaho AMN253, 254
  226. Rezaei S134
  227. Rezapour A15
  228. Riosgonzalez C255, 256
  229. Roever L257
  230. Ronfani L194
  231. Roshandel G168, 258
  232. Rostami A259
  233. Rubagotti E260, 261
  234. Sadat N356
  235. Sadeghi E134
  236. Safari Y262
  237. Sagar R263
  238. Salam N264
  239. Salamati P246
  240. Salimi Y207, 265
  241. Salimzadeh H168
  242. Samy AM266
  243. Sanabria J267, 268
  244. Santric Milicevic MM269, 270
  245. Sartorius B75, 271
  246. Sathian B272, 273
  247. Sawant AR274, 275
  248. Schaeffer LE356
  249. Schipp MF356
  250. Schwebel DC276
  251. Senbeta AM277
  252. Sepanlou SG168, 169
  253. Shaikh MA278
  254. Shamsbeyranvand M279, 280
  255. Shamsizadeh M281
  256. Sharafi K134
  257. Sharma R282
  258. She J283
  259. Sheikh A284, 285
  260. Shigematsu M286
  261. Siabani S287, 288
  262. Silveira DGA289, 290
  263. Singh JA291, 292
  264. Sinha DN293, 294
  265. Skirbekk V295
  266. Sligar A356
  267. Sobaih BH296, 297
  268. Soofi M265
  269. Soriano JB298, 299
  270. Soyiri IN300, 301
  271. Sreeramareddy CT302
  272. Sudaryanto A303, 304
  273. Babale Sufiyan M305
  274. Sutradhar I60
  275. Sylaja P306
  276. Tabaresseisdedos R308, 309
  277. Tadesse BT310, 311
  278. Temsah MH296, 312
  279. Terkawi AS313, 314
  280. Tessema B315
  281. Tessema ZT316
  282. Thankappan KR317
  283. Topormadry R318, 319
  284. Tovanipalone MR320
  285. Tran BX321
  286. Car LT322
  287. Ullah I323, 324
  288. Uthman OA325
  289. Valdez PR326, 327
  290. Veisani Y328
  291. Violante FS329, 330
  292. Vlassov V331
  293. Vollmer S332, 333
  294. Thu Vu G216
  295. Waheed Y334
  296. Wang YP335
  297. Wilkinson JC356
  298. Winkler AS336, 337
  299. Wolfe CDA338, 339
  300. Yamada T340
  301. Yeshaneh A341
  302. Yip P342, 343
  303. Yisma E344
  304. Yonemoto N345
  305. Younis MZ346, 347
  306. Yousefifard M348
  307. Yu C349, 350
  308. Bin Zaman S351, 352
  309. Zhang J353
  310. Zhang Y354, 355
  311. Zodpey S28
  312. Gakidou E75, 356
  313. Hay SI75, 356
Show Affiliations
Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Department of Population and Family Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
  2. 2. Department of Neurology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
  3. 3. Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
  4. 4. School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
  5. 5. Department of Community Medicine, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
  6. 6. School of Community Health Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, United States
  7. 7. National Malaria Elimination Program, Federal Ministry of Health, Abuja, Nigeria
  8. 8. Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
  9. 9. Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
  10. 10. Evidence Based Practice Center, Mayo Clinic Foundation for Medical Education and Research, Rochester, MN, United States
  11. 11. Internal Medicine Department, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, United States
  12. 12. Clinical Epidemiology Center, VA Saint Louis Health Care System, Department of Veterans Affairs, St Louis, MO, United States
  13. 13. Center for Health Systems Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
  14. 14. Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
  15. 15. Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  16. 16. King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  17. 17. Department of Health Management, Policy and Economics, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
  18. 18. Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
  19. 19. Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  20. 20. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
  21. 21. Department of Health Policy and Administration, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
  22. 22. Department of Applied Social Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
  23. 23. School of Health Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
  24. 24. Monitoring Evaluation and Operational Research Project, ABT Associates Nepal, Lalitpur, Nepal
  25. 25. Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  26. 26. Department of Health Informatics, University of Ha’il, Ha’il, Saudi Arabia
  27. 27. Department of Statistics and Econometrics, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania
  28. 28. Indian Institute of Public Health, Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India
  29. 29. The Judith Lumley Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  30. 30. General Office for Research and Technological Transfer, Peruvian National Institute of Health, Lima, Peru
  31. 31. Public Health Risk Sciences Division, Public Health Agency of Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada
  32. 32. Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
  33. 33. Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
  34. 34. School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
  35. 35. Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  36. 36. Department of Community Medicine, Gandhi Medical College Bhopal, Bhopal, India
  37. 37. Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
  38. 38. Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
  39. 39. Department of Statistical and Computational Genomics, National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, Kalyani, India
  40. 40. Department of Statistics, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
  41. 41. Department of Global Health, Global Institute for Interdisciplinary Studies, Kathmandu, Nepal
  42. 42. Centre for Global Child Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
  43. 43. Centre of Excellence in Women and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
  44. 44. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
  45. 45. Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Ranica, Italy
  46. 46. Center for Neuroscience, Instituto de Investigaciones Cientificas y Servicios de Alta Tecnologia (INDICASAT AIP), Panama
  47. 47. School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
  48. 48. Al Shifa School of Public Health, Al Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
  49. 49. Department of Population and Health, Metropolitan Autonomous University, Mexico City, Mexico
  50. 50. Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  51. 51. Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  52. 52. Colombian National Health Observatory, National Institute of Health, Bogota, Colombia
  53. 53. Epidemiology and Public Health Evaluation Group, National University of Colombia, Bogota, Colombia
  54. 54. Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health Studies, Panama, Panama
  55. 55. School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
  56. 56. College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
  57. 57. Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
  58. 58. Department of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
  59. 59. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
  60. 60. James P. Grant School of Public Health, Brac University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  61. 61. Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
  62. 62. Department of Global Health and Infection, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom
  63. 63. School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis, Ababa, Ethiopia
  64. 64. School of Nutrition, Food Science and Technology, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
  65. 65. Department of Midwifery, Debre Markos University, Debre, Markos, Ethiopia
  66. 66. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan Rosales, Mexico
  67. 67. Health Research Section, Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal
  68. 68. Center of Complexity Sciences, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
  69. 69. Department of Midwifery, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
  70. 70. Deputy of Research and Technology, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
  71. 71. United Nations World Food Programme, New Delhi, India
  72. 72. Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
  73. 73. Department of Internal Medicine, Bahia School of Medicine and Public Health, Salvador, Brazil
  74. 74. Medical Board, Roberto Santos General Hospital, Salvador, Brazil
  75. 75. Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  76. 76. Epidemiology Department, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
  77. 77. Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
  78. 78. World Health Programme, Universite du Quebec en Abitibi-Temiscamingue, Rouyn-Noranda, QC, Canada
  79. 79. Center of Communicable Disease Control, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
  80. 80. School of Public Health, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
  81. 81. Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
  82. 82. College of Medicine, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  83. 83. Department of Psychology, Federal University of Sergipe, Sao Cristovao, Brazil
  84. 84. Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
  85. 85. Division of Neurology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
  86. 86. REQUIMTE/LAQV, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  87. 87. Psychiatry Department, Kaiser Permanente, Fontana, CA, United States
  88. 88. Department of Health Sciences, A. T. Still University, Mesa, AZ, United States
  89. 89. Department of Population Medicine and Health Services Research, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
  90. 90. Department of Dermatology, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
  91. 91. Gene Expression & Regulation Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States
  92. 92. Ramon de la Fuente Muniz National Institute of Psychiatry, Mexico City, Mexico
  93. 93. Unit of Academic Primary Care, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
  94. 94. Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  95. 95. Nursing and Health Sciences Department, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, United States
  96. 96. Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
  97. 97. Department of Health and Social Affairs, Government of the Federated States of Micronesia, Palikir, Federated States of Micronesia
  98. 98. School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
  99. 99. School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  100. 100. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
  101. 101. Academics and Research Department, Rajasthan University of Health Sciences, Jaipur, India
  102. 102. Department of Medicine, Mahatma Gandhi University of Medical Sciences & Technology, Jaipur, India
  103. 103. Department of Anthropology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
  104. 104. Department of Pharmacology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  105. 105. Obesity Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  106. 106. Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
  107. 107. Department of Family and Community Medicine, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain
  108. 108. School of Health and Environmental Studies, Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
  109. 109. Department of Public Health, Mizan-Tepi University, Tepi, Ethiopia
  110. 110. Unit of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University Hospital Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
  111. 111. School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
  112. 112. Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Austin, Austin, TX, United States
  113. 113. Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  114. 114. Department of Pharmacology, Bangladesh Industrial Gases Limited, Tangail, Bangladesh
  115. 115. Department of Computer Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
  116. 116. Computer Science Department, University of Human Development, Sulaimaniyah, Iraq
  117. 117. Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Central South University, Changsha, China
  118. 118. Department of Community Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  119. 119. Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  120. 120. Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia
  121. 121. Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  122. 122. Department of Epidemiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  123. 123. Department of Health Care and Public Health, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
  124. 124. Department of Community Medicine, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
  125. 125. Environmental Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, China
  126. 126. Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
  127. 127. Department of Ophthalmology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
  128. 128. Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing, China
  129. 129. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  130. 130. Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Opole, Opole, Poland
  131. 131. Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
  132. 132. Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  133. 133. Pars Advanced and Minimally Invasive Medical Manners Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  134. 134. Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  135. 135. ODeL Campus, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
  136. 136. CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research, Lucknow, India
  137. 137. Department of Public Health, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
  138. 138. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
  139. 139. Epidemiology and Biostatistics Department, Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Pakistan
  140. 140. Department of Medical Parasitology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
  141. 141. Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
  142. 142. Research and Data Solutions, Synotech Consultants, Nairobi, Kenya
  143. 143. School of Medicine, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia
  144. 144. Department of Nutrition, Simmons University, Boston, MA, United States
  145. 145. School of Health Sciences, Kristiania University College, Oslo, Norway
  146. 146. Independent Consultant, Jakarta, Indonesia
  147. 147. CIBERSAM, San Juan de Dios Sanitary Park, Sant Boi De Llobregat, Spain
  148. 148. Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
  149. 149. Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
  150. 150. Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
  151. 151. Department of Demography, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
  152. 152. Department of Psychiatry, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
  153. 153. Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
  154. 154. International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
  155. 155. Department of Community and Family Medicine, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
  156. 156. School of Nursing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
  157. 157. Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
  158. 158. Alliance for Improving Health Outcomes Inc, Quezon City, Philippines
  159. 159. Department of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
  160. 160. Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China
  161. 161. Department of Dentistry, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
  162. 162. Section for Translational Health Economics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
  163. 163. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
  164. 164. Department of Public Health, Trnava University, Trnava, Slovakia
  165. 165. Community-Based Participatory-Research Center (CBPR), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  166. 166. Knowledge Utilization Research Center (KURC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  167. 167. Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  168. 168. Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  169. 169. Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  170. 170. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  171. 171. Campus Caucaia, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Ceara, Caucaia, Brazil
  172. 172. Public Health Department, Botho University-Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
  173. 173. Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  174. 174. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
  175. 175. Peru Country Office, United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), Lima, Peru
  176. 176. Center for Translation Research and Implementation Science, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
  177. 177. Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
  178. 178. Breast Surgery Unit, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
  179. 179. University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
  180. 180. Clinical Microbiology and Parasitology Unit, Dr Zora Profozic Polyclinic, Zagreb, Croatia
  181. 181. University Centre Varazdin, University North, Varazdin, Croatia
  182. 182. Pacific Institute for Research & Evaluation, Calverton, MD, United States
  183. 183. Achutha Menon Centre for Health Science Studies, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, India
  184. 184. Global Institute of Public Health (GIPH), Ananthapuri Hospitals and Research Centre, Trivandrum, India
  185. 185. Faculty of Internal Medicine, Kyrgyz State Medical Academy, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
  186. 186. Department of Atherosclerosis and Coronary Heart Disease, National Center of Cardiology and Internal Disease, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
  187. 187. Institute of Addiction Research (ISFF), Frankfurt University of Applied Sciences, Frankfurt, Germany
  188. 188. Department of Food Technology, College of Agriculture, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq
  189. 189. Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
  190. 190. Department of Information Technology, University of Human Development, Sulaimaniyah, Iraq
  191. 191. Health Systems and Policy Research Unit, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
  192. 192. Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  193. 193. Iran National Institute of Health Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  194. 194. Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit, Burlo Garofolo Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Trieste, Italy
  195. 195. Department of Public Health Medicine, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
  196. 196. Health Sciences Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
  197. 197. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
  198. 198. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
  199. 199. Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
  200. 200. International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  201. 201. Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  202. 202. Department of Health Management and Economics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  203. 203. Health Management Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  204. 204. Department of Pediatric Medicine, Nishtar Medical University, Multan, Pakistan
  205. 205. Department of Pediatrics & Pediatric Pulmonology, Institute of Mother & Child Care, Multan, Pakistan
  206. 206. Cancer Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  207. 207. Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  208. 208. Suraj Eye Institute, Nagpur, India
  209. 209. Cochrane South Africa, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
  210. 210. General Surgery, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
  211. 211. General Surgery, Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
  212. 212. Anatomy and Embryology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  213. 213. Cardiology, Cardio-Aid, Bucharest, Romania
  214. 214. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Embu, Embu, Kenya
  215. 215. Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
  216. 216. Center of Excellence in Behavioral Medicine, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
  217. 217. Public Health Department, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Kota Semarang, Indonesia
  218. 218. Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan
  219. 219. Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
  220. 220. Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
  221. 221. UCIBIO, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  222. 222. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
  223. 223. Department of Psychiatry, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
  224. 224. Centre for Healthy Start Initiative, Lagos, Nigeria
  225. 225. Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria
  226. 226. Center for Population Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
  227. 227. School of Health and Welfare, Jonkoping University, Jonkoping, Sweden
  228. 228. Division of Mental and Physical Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway
  229. 229. Department of Psychosocial Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
  230. 230. Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara Academy of Health Education and Research, Mysore, India
  231. 231. Health Outcomes, Center for Health Outcomes & Evaluation, Bucharest, Romania
  232. 232. Augenpraxis Jonas, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
  233. 233. Regional Medical Research Centre, Indian Council of Medical Research, Bhubaneswar, India
  234. 234. Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  235. 235. Population Health, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  236. 236. Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Bergamo, Italy
  237. 237. Department of Economics and Business, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
  238. 238. University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
  239. 239. Department of Nephrology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
  240. 240. Population Studies, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
  241. 241. Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
  242. 242. College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
  243. 243. College of Graduate Health Sciences, A. T. Still University, Mesa, AZ, United States
  244. 244. Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
  245. 245. Metabolomics and Genomics Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  246. 246. Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  247. 247. Department of Public Health and Mortality Studies, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
  248. 248. Policy Research Institute, Kathmandu, Nepal
  249. 249. Institute for Poverty Alleviation and International Development, Yonsei University, Wonju, South Korea
  250. 250. WHO Collaborating Centre for Public Health Education and Training, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  251. 251. University College London Hospitals, London, United Kingdom
  252. 252. Academic Public Health, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
  253. 253. Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
  254. 254. School of Social Sciences and Psychology, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
  255. 255. Research Directorate, Nihon Gakko University, Fernando De La Mora, Paraguay
  256. 256. Research Direction, Universidad Nacional de Caaguazu, Coronel Oviedo, Paraguay
  257. 257. Department of Clinical Research, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, Brazil
  258. 258. Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
  259. 259. Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
  260. 260. Centro de Investigacion Palmira, Agrosavia, Palmira, Colombia
  261. 261. Department of Ocean Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
  262. 262. Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  263. 263. Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
  264. 264. Department of Pathology, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  265. 265. Social Development and Health Promotion Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  266. 266. Department of Entomology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
  267. 267. Department of Surgery, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States
  268. 268. Department of Nutrition and Preventive Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
  269. 269. Institute of Social Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
  270. 270. Centre-School of Public Health and Health Management, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
  271. 271. Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
  272. 272. Surgery Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
  273. 273. Faculty of Health & Social Sciences, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, United Kingdom
  274. 274. University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
  275. 275. Dr D. Y. Patil University, Pune, India
  276. 276. Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
  277. 277. Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Jigjiga University, Jigjiga, Ethiopia
  278. 278. Independent Consultant, Karachi, Pakistan
  279. 279. School of Medicine, Dezful University of Medical Sciences, Dezful, Iran
  280. 280. School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
  281. 281. Chronic Diseases (Home Care) Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
  282. 282. University School of Management and Entrepreneurship, Delhi Technological University, New Delhi, India
  283. 283. Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
  284. 284. Centre for Medical Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
  285. 285. Division of General Internal Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  286. 286. National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
  287. 287. Department of Health Education & Promotion, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  288. 288. School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  289. 289. Brasilia University, Brasilia, Brazil
  290. 290. Department of the Health Industrial Complex and Innovation in Health, Federal Ministry of Health, Brasilia, Brazil
  291. 291. Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
  292. 292. Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
  293. 293. Department of Epidemiology, School of Preventive Oncology, Patna, India
  294. 294. Department of Epidemiology, Healis Sekhsaria Institute for Public Health, Mumbai, India
  295. 295. Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway
  296. 296. Department of Pediatrics, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  297. 297. Pediatric Department, King Khalid University Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  298. 298. Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
  299. 299. Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
  300. 300. Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
  301. 301. Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom
  302. 302. Division of Community Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
  303. 303. Department of Nursing, Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta, Kartasura, Indonesia
  304. 304. Department of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
  305. 305. Department of Community Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
  306. 306. Neurology Department, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, India
  307. 307. Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, India
  308. 308. Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
  309. 309. Carlos III Health Institute, Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
  310. 310. Department of Pediatrics, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
  311. 311. International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, South Korea
  312. 312. College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  313. 313. Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
  314. 314. Department of Anesthesiology, King Farah Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  315. 315. Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  316. 316. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  317. 317. Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, India
  318. 318. Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
  319. 319. The Agency for Health Technology Assessment and Tariff System, Warsaw, Poland
  320. 320. Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
  321. 321. Department of Health Economics, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
  322. 322. Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
  323. 323. Gomal Center of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan
  324. 324. TB Culture Laboratory, Mufti Mehmood Memorial Teaching Hospital, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan
  325. 325. Division of Health Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
  326. 326. Argentine Society of Medicine, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
  327. 327. Velez Sarsfield Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina
  328. 328. Psychosocial Injuries Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
  329. 329. Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
  330. 330. Occupational Health Unit, Sant’Orsola Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
  331. 331. Department of Health Care Administration and Economics, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russian Federation
  332. 332. Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  333. 333. Department of Economics, University of Gottingen, Gottingen, Germany
  334. 334. Foundation University Medical College, Foundation University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
  335. 335. Department of Psychiatry, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
  336. 336. Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
  337. 337. Department of Neurology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
  338. 338. School of Population Health & Environmental Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
  339. 339. NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Guy’s and St Thomas’ Hospital and Kings College London, London, United Kingdom
  340. 340. Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
  341. 341. Wolkite University, Wolkite, Ethiopia
  342. 342. Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
  343. 343. Department of Social Work and Social Administration, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
  344. 344. School of Allied Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  345. 345. Department of Psychopharmacology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
  346. 346. Health Economics & Finance, Global Health, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, United States
  347. 347. School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Peking, China
  348. 348. Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  349. 349. Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
  350. 350. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
  351. 351. Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  352. 352. Maternal and Child Health Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  353. 353. George Warren Brown School, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, United States
  354. 354. School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
  355. 355. Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
  356. 356. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States

Source: Nature Published:2020


Abstract

Educational attainment is an important social determinant of maternal, newborn, and child health1–3. As a tool for promoting gender equity, it has gained increasing traction in popular media, international aid strategies, and global agenda-setting4–6. The global health agenda is increasingly focused on evidence of precision public health, which illustrates the subnational distribution of disease and illness7,8; however, an agenda focused on future equity must integrate comparable evidence on the distribution of social determinants of health9–11. Here we expand on the available precision SDG evidence by estimating the subnational distribution of educational attainment, including the proportions of individuals who have completed key levels of schooling, across all low- and middle-income countries from 2000 to 2017. Previous analyses have focused on geographical disparities in average attainment across Africa or for specific countries, but—to our knowledge—no analysis has examined the subnational proportions of individuals who completed specific levels of education across all low- and middle-income countries12–14. By geolocating subnational data for more than 184 million person-years across 528 data sources, we precisely identify inequalities across geography as well as within populations. © 2019, The Author(s).
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