Clubfoot: A Comprehensive Review of Anatomy, Etiology, Treatment, Follow-Up and Relapse Publisher



Anaraki N ; Shirbache K ; Presedo A ; Nezameslami A ; Nabian MH
Source: Published:2025

Abstract

Context: Congenital idiopathic clubfoot is a significant musculoskeletal deformity affecting children globally. It is characterized by hindfoot varus, midfoot cavus, forefoot adduction, and ankle equinus. The Ponseti method has proven to be highly effective and is now the gold standard for treatment. However, long-term follow-up studies indicate a variable relapse rate. Timely diagnosis of relapse is crucial, underscoring the importance of regular follow-up visits. Poor compliance with brace wear is a primary cause of relapse; therefore, educating families on proper adherence to the treatment regimen is essential. This review article discusses the anatomy, etiology, various treatment approaches, and strategies for managing relapses in clubfoot. Evidence Acquisition: The Ponseti method has proven to be highly effective and is now the gold standard for treatment. However, long-term follow-up studies indicate a variable relapse rate. Results: Timely diagnosis of relapse is crucial, underscoring the importance of regular follow-up visits. Poor compliance with brace wear is a primary cause of relapse. Conclusions: Educating families on proper adherence to the treatment regimen is essential. This review article discusses the anatomy, etiology, various treatment approaches, and strategies for managing relapses in clubfoot. © 2025 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.