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A Comprehensive Health Effects Assessment of the Use of Sanitizers and Disinfectants During Covid-19 Pandemic: A Global Survey Publisher Pubmed



Hashemi F1 ; Hoepner L2 ; Hamidinejad FS3, 4 ; Haluza D5 ; Afrashteh S6 ; Abbasi A1 ; Omeragic E7 ; Imamovic B7 ; Rasheed NA8 ; Taher TMJ9 ; Kurniasari F10 ; Wazqar DY11 ; Apali OC12 ; Yildirim AD13 Show All Authors
Authors
  1. Hashemi F1
  2. Hoepner L2
  3. Hamidinejad FS3, 4
  4. Haluza D5
  5. Afrashteh S6
  6. Abbasi A1
  7. Omeragic E7
  8. Imamovic B7
  9. Rasheed NA8
  10. Taher TMJ9
  11. Kurniasari F10
  12. Wazqar DY11
  13. Apali OC12
  14. Yildirim AD13
  15. Zhao B14
  16. Kalikyan Z15
  17. Guo C16
  18. Valbuena AC17
  19. Mititelu M18
  20. Pando CM19
  21. Saridi M20
  22. Toska A20
  23. Cuba ML21
  24. Kwadzokpui PK22
  25. Tadele N23
  26. Nasibova T24
  27. Harsch S25
  28. Munkherdene L26
  29. Menawi W27
  30. Evangelou E28
  31. Dimova A29
  32. Marinov D30
  33. Dimitrova T30
  34. Shalimova A31
  35. Fouly H32
  36. Suraya A33, 34
  37. Da Silva Faquim JP35
  38. Oumayma B36
  39. Annunziato MA37
  40. Lalo R38
  41. Papastavrou E39
  42. Ade AD40
  43. Caminada S41
  44. Stojkov S42
  45. Narvaez CG43
  46. Mudau LS44
  47. Rassas I45
  48. Michel D46
  49. Kaynar NS47
  50. Iqbal S48
  51. Elshwekh H49
  52. Hossain I50
  53. Alfayyadh S51
  54. Sydorchuk A52
  55. Alnusairat DMH53
  56. Abdullahi AM54
  57. Iqbal N55
  58. Pandey A56
  59. Gomezgomez B57
  60. Akyildiz AG58
  61. Morosan E18
  62. Dwarica D59
  63. Dorj G60
  64. Hasan SY61
  65. Alshdayfat NM62
  66. Knezevic B63
  67. Valladares W64
  68. Severi C65
  69. Fuentes SC66
  70. Augusto S67
  71. Sidorova E68
  72. Moelyaningrum AD69
  73. Alawad T70
  74. Khalid A71
  75. Elehamer NMK72
  76. Mihaylova A73
  77. Tsigengagel O74
  78. Menouni A75
  79. Wojtecka A76
  80. Hod R77
  81. Idayat YB78
  82. Othman K79
  83. Harfouch RM80
  84. Paunov T30
  85. Omar M81
  86. Benderli NC82, 83
  87. Nurika G69
  88. Amjad S84
  89. Elnoamany S85
  90. Elesrigy F85
  91. Shaban MM86
  92. Acevedolopez D87
  93. Kartashova M88
  94. Khalaf A89, 90
  95. Jaafar SA91
  96. Kadhim TA91
  97. Hweissa NA92
  98. Teng Y93
  99. Mohammed FE94
  100. Sasikumar T95
  101. Hikaambo CN96
  102. Kharat A97
  103. Lyamtseva U98
  104. Aldeeb MA99, 100
  105. Pawlas N101
  106. Khorolsuren L102
  107. Koonjul RP103
  108. Mainassara HB104
  109. Chahal P105
  110. Wangeci RW106
  111. Kumar AB107
  112. Zamoracorrales I108
  113. Gracy S109
  114. Mahamat M110
  115. Adamczyk J111
  116. Rahman HA112
  117. Matiashova L113
  118. Elsherif OE114
  119. Alkhateeb NE115
  120. Aleaga Y116
  121. Bahrami S117
  122. Alsalihy SR118
  123. Cabreragaleana P119
  124. Lalicpopovic M120
  125. Brownmyrie E121
  126. Bhandari D122
  127. Mayaboti CA123
  128. Stanisic S124
  129. Pestic SK125
  130. Bektay MY126
  131. Al Sabbah H127
  132. Hashemi S128
  133. Assia B129
  134. Merritt AS130
  135. Ramzi Z131
  136. Baboolal H59
  137. Isstaif J132
  138. Shami R133
  139. Saad R134
  140. Nyirongo T135
  141. Hoseini M136, 137
Show Affiliations
Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  2. 2. Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences Center, Brooklyn, NY, United States
  3. 3. Department of Medicine, O.O. Bogomolets National Medical University, Kyiv, Ukraine
  4. 4. Department of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  5. 5. Center for Public Health, Department for Environmental Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15, Vienna, 1090, Austria
  6. 6. Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
  7. 7. Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
  8. 8. Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, College of Health and Medical Technology Shekhan, Duhok Polytechnic University, Kurdistan Region, Duhok, Iraq
  9. 9. Family and Community Medicine Department, College of Medicine, University of Wasit, Wasit, Kut, Iraq
  10. 10. Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Public Health, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
  11. 11. Department of Medical-Surgical Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
  12. 12. Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
  13. 13. Midwifery Department, Uskudar Universty, Istanbul, Turkey
  14. 14. Department of Health Administration, Graduate School, Yonsei University, 1 Yonseidae-Gicl, Gangwon-do, Wonju, 26493, South Korea
  15. 15. Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Yerevan State Medical University, Yerevan, Armenia
  16. 16. Department of Urban Planning and Design, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
  17. 17. Division of Epidemiology, Public Health Center of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
  18. 18. Department of Clinical Laboratory and Food Safety, Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  19. 19. Department of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
  20. 20. School of Social Sciences, Hellenic Open University, Patras, Greece
  21. 21. Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
  22. 22. Department of Medical Laboratory Science, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
  23. 23. Department of Nursing, School of Nursing & Midwifery, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  24. 24. General and Toxicological Chemistry Department, Azerbaijan Medical University, Baku, Azerbaijan
  25. 25. Institute of Sociology, University of Education Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
  26. 26. Department of Health Policy, School of Public Health, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulan Bator, Mongolia
  27. 27. Public Health Management Program, Faculty of Graduate Studies, An-Najah University, Nablus, Palestine
  28. 28. Nursing Department Limassol, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
  29. 29. Faculty of Public Health, Medical University Varna, 55 Marin Drinov Street, Varna, 9002, Bulgaria
  30. 30. Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, Medical University of Varna, Varna, Bulgaria
  31. 31. Internal Medicine N1, Kharkiv National Medical University, Kharkiv, Ukraine
  32. 32. Reproductive Health Nursing (Gynecology and Obstetrics Nursing), Faculty of Nursing, Assiut University, Asyut, Egypt
  33. 33. CIHLMU Center for International Health, University Hospital, LMU, Munich, Germany
  34. 34. Occupational Safety and Health Department, Binawan University, East Jakarta, Indonesia
  35. 35. Technical School of Health, Federal University of Uberlandia (UFU), MG, Uberlandia, Brazil
  36. 36. National School of Applied Sciences of Al Hoceima, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tetouan, Morocco
  37. 37. Venezuelan and Latin American Association of Clinical Nanomedicine, Caracas, Venezuela
  38. 38. Department of Health Care, Faculty of Public Health, The University of Vlore “Ismail Qemali�, Vlore, Albania
  39. 39. Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
  40. 40. Department of Community Medicine, SVIMS, Sri Padamavathi Medical College, Andhra Pradesh, Tirupati, India
  41. 41. Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
  42. 42. Department of Social Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University Business Academy in Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
  43. 43. Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Desarrollo, Concepcion, Chile
  44. 44. Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa
  45. 45. Department of Occupational Medicine and Ergonomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
  46. 46. West Department, Quisqueya University, Port-au-Prince, Haiti
  47. 47. Public Health Nursing Department, Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
  48. 48. Department of Public Health and Nutrition, Al Ain University, Abu Dahbi, United Arab Emirates
  49. 49. Department of Genetic Engineering, The Biotechnology Research Center, Tripoli, Libya
  50. 50. Department of Occupational and Environmental Health (OEH), NIPSOM, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  51. 51. Adult Nursing Department, College of Nursing, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
  52. 52. Department of Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology, Bukovinian State Medical University, Chernivtsi, Ukraine
  53. 53. Clinical Sciences Department, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
  54. 54. School of Medicine and Health Science, Simad University, Mogadishu, Somalia
  55. 55. Environmental Epidemiology Group, UK Health Security Agency, Oxon, Chilton, United Kingdom
  56. 56. Maharajgunj Nursing Campus, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
  57. 57. Department of Infectious Diseases, Centro Medico ABC, Mexico City, Mexico
  58. 58. Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
  59. 59. Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
  60. 60. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulan Bator, Mongolia
  61. 61. Department of Natural Resources and Environment, College of Graduate Studies, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain
  62. 62. Community and Mental Health Department, Al al-Bayt University, Mafraq, Jordan
  63. 63. University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
  64. 64. Microbiology Research Institute, National Autonomous University of Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
  65. 65. Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Republic, Montevideo, Uruguay
  66. 66. Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
  67. 67. EPIUnit-Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  68. 68. Moscow State Medical University, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russian Federation
  69. 69. Public Health Faculty, Environmental Health and Occupational Health and Savety Departement, University of Jember, Jember, Indonesia
  70. 70. Faculty of Public and Environmental Health, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
  71. 71. Sahiwal Medical College, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
  72. 72. Department of Health Education, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
  73. 73. Medical College, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
  74. 74. Department of Public Health, NCJSC “Semey Medical University�, Semey, Kazakhstan
  75. 75. Environment and Health Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
  76. 76. Department of Public Health and Social Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
  77. 77. Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
  78. 78. Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  79. 79. Ministry of Foreign Affairs and East African Cooperation, Dodoma, Tanzania
  80. 80. Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, Al Sham Private University, Latakia, Syrian Arab Republic
  81. 81. Department of Population Health and Social Sciences, Kazakhstan’s Medical University School of Public Health, Almaty, Kazakhstan
  82. 82. Biotechnology Center, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
  83. 83. Department of Animals Biology and Physiology, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
  84. 84. Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
  85. 85. Family Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Egypt
  86. 86. Community Health Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Cairo-University, Cairo, Egypt
  87. 87. Faculty of Medicine, Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
  88. 88. Department of Human Pathology, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russian Federation
  89. 89. Faculty of Health Sciences, Kristianstad University, Kristianstad, Sweden
  90. 90. College of Nursing, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
  91. 91. College of Nursing, University of Al-Muthanna, Samawah, Iraq
  92. 92. Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medical Technology, Zawia University, Zawia, Libya
  93. 93. Department of Korean Language and Literature, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Gangwon-do, South Korea
  94. 94. Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
  95. 95. Institute of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
  96. 96. Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
  97. 97. College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
  98. 98. Department of Medicine of the Future, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russian Federation
  99. 99. Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
  100. 100. Damascus University, Damascus, Syrian Arab Republic
  101. 101. Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
  102. 102. Institute of Public Health, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulan Bator, Mongolia
  103. 103. Department of Medicine, University of Mauritius, Moka, Mauritius
  104. 104. Conseils Etudes Enquetes Recherches Formation en Epidemiologie (CEERFE), Niamey, Niger
  105. 105. S. Tentishev Asian Medical Institute, Kant, Kyrgyzstan
  106. 106. Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
  107. 107. Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
  108. 108. School of Public Health, University of Costa Rica, San Jose, Costa Rica
  109. 109. Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Asmara, Asmara, Eritrea
  110. 110. Department of Internal Medicine and Specialties, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Yaounde General Hospital, Yaounde, Cameroon
  111. 111. Faculty of Health Sciences, Jan Dlugosz University of Humanities and Life Sciences, Czestochowa, Poland
  112. 112. Department of Environmental and Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
  113. 113. T Malaya Therapy National Institute, National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Kharkiv, Ukraine
  114. 114. Cairo University Hospitals, Cairo, Egypt
  115. 115. Department of Medical Education, College of Medicine, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Iraq
  116. 116. Department of Clinical Microbiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine “Pedro Kouri�, Havana, Cuba
  117. 117. Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  118. 118. Microbiology Department, College of Medicine, University of Diyala, Diyala, Iraq
  119. 119. Instituto Nacional de Cancerologia, Mexico City, Mexico
  120. 120. Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
  121. 121. Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, University of Technology, Kingston, Jamaica
  122. 122. Medical Governance Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
  123. 123. University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
  124. 124. Singidunum University, Belgrade, Serbia
  125. 125. Family Medicine Department, Medical School, University of Tuzla, Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina
  126. 126. Clinical Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
  127. 127. Department of Health Sciences, Zayed University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
  128. 128. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran
  129. 129. Peadiatric’s Infectious diseases, Hospital of Canastel and Faculty of Medicine, Oran, Algeria
  130. 130. Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
  131. 131. College of Nursing, University of Sulaimani, Kurdistan, Sulaimani, Iraq
  132. 132. Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Damascus University, Damascus, Syrian Arab Republic
  133. 133. Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
  134. 134. Department of Public Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
  135. 135. Environmental Health, Rusangu University, Monze, Zambia
  136. 136. Research Center for Health Sciences, Institute of Health, Shiraz, Iran
  137. 137. Department of Environmental Health, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Razi Blvd, Kuye-Zahra Ave, Shiraz, 1417653861, Iran

Source: Environmental Science and Pollution Research Published:2023


Abstract

COVID-19 has affected all aspects of human life so far. From the outset of the pandemic, preventing the spread of COVID-19 through the observance of health protocols, especially the use of sanitizers and disinfectants was given more attention. Despite the effectiveness of disinfection chemicals in controlling and preventing COVID-19, there are critical concerns about their adverse effects on human health. This study aims to assess the health effects of sanitizers and disinfectants on a global scale. A total of 91,056 participants from 154 countries participated in this cross-sectional study. Information on the use of sanitizers and disinfectants and health was collected using an electronic questionnaire, which was translated into 26 languages via web-based platforms. The findings of this study suggest that detergents, alcohol-based substances, and chlorinated compounds emerged as the most prevalent chemical agents compared to other sanitizers and disinfectants examined. Most frequently reported health issues include skin effects and respiratory effects. The Chi-square test showed a significant association between chlorinated compounds (sodium hypochlorite and per-chlorine) with all possible health effects under investigation (p-value <0.001). Examination of risk factors based on multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that alcohols and alcohols-based materials were associated with skin effects (OR, 1.98; 95%CI, 1.87–2.09), per-chlorine was associated with eye effects (OR, 1.83; 95%CI, 1.74–1.93), and highly likely with itching and throat irritation (OR, 2.00; 95%CI, 1.90–2.11). Furthermore, formaldehyde was associated with a higher prevalence of neurological effects (OR, 2.17; 95%CI, 1.92–2.44). Furthermore, formaldehyde was associated with a higher prevalence of neurological effects (OR, 2.17; 95%CI, 1.92–2.44). The use of sodium hypochlorite and per-chlorine also had a high chance of having respiratory effects. The findings of the current study suggest that health authorities need to implement more awareness programs about the side effects of using sanitizers and disinfectants during viral epidemics especially when they are used or overused. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.
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