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Mapping Geographical Inequalities in Access to Drinking Water and Sanitation Facilities in Low-Income and Middle-Income Countries, 2000-17 Publisher Pubmed



Deshpande A1 ; Millerpetrie MK1 ; Lindstedt PA1 ; Baumann MM1 ; Johnson KB1 ; Blacker BF1 ; Abbastabar H4 ; Abdallah F21 ; Abdelalim A21 ; Abdollahpour I27 ; Abegaz KH29, 30 ; Abejie AN35 ; Abreu LG36 ; Abrigo MRM41 Show All Authors
Authors
  1. Deshpande A1
  2. Millerpetrie MK1
  3. Lindstedt PA1
  4. Baumann MM1
  5. Johnson KB1
  6. Blacker BF1
  7. Abbastabar H4
  8. Abdallah F21
  9. Abdelalim A21
  10. Abdollahpour I27
  11. Abegaz KH29, 30
  12. Abejie AN35
  13. Abreu LG36
  14. Abrigo MRM41
  15. Abualhasan A21
  16. Accrombessi MMK42, 45
  17. Adamu AA46, 47
  18. Adebayo OM50
  19. Adedeji IA53
  20. Adedoyin RA54
  21. Adekanmbi V56
  22. Adetokunboh OO46, 57
  23. Adhikari TB58, 59
  24. Afarideh M5, 60
  25. Agudelobotero M61
  26. Ahmadi M64
  27. Ahmadi K63, 69
  28. Ahmed AE70
  29. Ahmed MB71, 74
  30. Akalu TY75
  31. Akanda AS79
  32. Alahdab F80
  33. Alaly Z81, 82
  34. Alam N83, 84
  35. Alam S85
  36. Alamene GM31
  37. Alanzi TM86
  38. Albright J1
  39. Albujeer A89
  40. Alcalderabanal JE90
  41. Alebel A32, 96
  42. Alemu ZA33
  43. Ali M98
  44. Alijanzadeh M99
  45. Alipour V100, 101
  46. Aljunid SM109, 110
  47. Almasi A111
  48. Almasihashiani A123
  49. Almekhlafi HM126, 128
  50. Altirkawi KA129
  51. Alvisguzman N131, 132
  52. Alviszakzuk NJ133, 134
  53. Amini S124
  54. Amit AML136, 139
  55. Amul GGH144
  56. Andrei CL145
  57. Anjomshoa M148
  58. Ansariadi A149
  59. Antonio CAT137, 150
  60. Antony B152
  61. Antriyandarti E153
  62. Arabloo J100
  63. Aref HMA154
  64. Aremu O156
  65. Armoon B157, 158
  66. Arora A159, 160
  67. Aryal KK161
  68. Arzani A162, 166
  69. Asadialiabadi M102
  70. Asmelash D76
  71. Atalay HT167
  72. Athari SS171
  73. Athari SM170
  74. Atre SR140, 174
  75. Ausloos M175, 176
  76. Awasthi S177
  77. Awoke N178
  78. Quintanilla BPA181
  79. Ayano G183
  80. Ayanore MA184
  81. Aynalem YA186
  82. Azari S100
  83. Azman AS141
  84. Babaee E102
  85. Badawi A187, 188
  86. Bagherzadeh M191
  87. Bakkannavar SM192, 586, 587
  88. Balakrishnan S195
  89. Banach M198, 199
  90. Banoub JAM200, 201
  91. Barac A203, 204
  92. Barboza MA207, 208
  93. Barnighausen TW209, 210
  94. Basu S211, 214
  95. Bay VD217
  96. Bayati M218
  97. Bedi N127, 220
  98. Beheshti M221
  99. Behzadifar M223
  100. Behzadifar M223
  101. Ramirez DFB226, 227
  102. Bell ML228
  103. Bennett DA229
  104. Benzian H222
  105. Berbada DA232
  106. Bernstein RS234
  107. Bhat AG235
  108. Bhattacharyya K236, 237
  109. Bhaumik S238, 240
  110. Bhutta ZA189, 244
  111. Bijani A163
  112. Bikbov B246
  113. Sayeed MSB247, 249
  114. Biswas RK241
  115. Bohlouli S250
  116. Boufous S241
  117. Brady OJ43
  118. Briko AN251
  119. Briko NI252
  120. Britton GB255, 256
  121. Brown A1
  122. Nagaraja SB257
  123. Butt ZA258, 259
  124. Camera LA260, 261
  125. Camposnonato IR91
  126. Rincon JCC95, 263
  127. Cano J42
  128. Car J215, 264
  129. Cardenas R265
  130. Carvalho F266
  131. Castanedaorjuela CA135, 269
  132. Castro F256
  133. Cerin E271, 272
  134. Chalise B275
  135. Chattu VK190
  136. Chin KL276, 279
  137. Christopher DJ280, 664
  138. Chu DT283
  139. Cormier NM1
  140. Costa VM266
  141. Cromwell EA1, 2
  142. Dadi AF77, 284
  143. Dahiru T287
  144. Dahlawi SMA87
  145. Dandona R1, 2, 291
  146. Dandona L1, 291, 292
  147. Dang AK293
  148. Daoud F1
  149. Darwesh AM294
  150. Darwish AH296
  151. Daryani A297
  152. Das JK245
  153. Das Gupta R301, 302
  154. Dash AP303
  155. Davilacervantes CA304
  156. Weaver ND1
  157. De La Hoz FP270
  158. De Neve JW209
  159. Demissie DB305, 308
  160. Demoz GT168
  161. Denovagutierrez E92
  162. Deribe K309, 310
  163. Desalew A196
  164. Dharmaratne SD1, 315
  165. Dhillon P316
  166. Dhimal M319
  167. Dhungana GP320
  168. Diaz D62, 321
  169. Dipeolu IO322
  170. Do HT325
  171. Dolecek C229, 327
  172. Doyle KE328, 330
  173. Dubljanin E205, 600
  174. Duraes AR331, 333
  175. Edinur HA334
  176. Effiong A335
  177. Eftekhari A172, 337
  178. El Nahas N154
  179. El Sayed Zaki M338
  180. El Tantawi M202, 569
  181. Elhabashy HR22
  182. Eljaafary SI21
  183. Elkhatib Z339
  184. Elkout H340, 341
  185. Elsharkawy A23
  186. Enany S342
  187. Endalew DA343
  188. Eshrati B102
  189. Eskandarieh S6
  190. Etemadi A344
  191. Ezekannagha O345, 346
  192. Faraon EJA137
  193. Fareed M347
  194. Faro A348
  195. Farzadfar F7
  196. Fasil A76
  197. Fazlzadeh M8, 349
  198. Feigin VL1, 352, 353
  199. Fekadu W311, 354
  200. Fentahun N355
  201. Fereshtehnejad SM356, 359
  202. Fernandes E267
  203. Filip I360, 361
  204. Fischer F362
  205. Flohr C363
  206. Foigt NA365
  207. Folayan MO55
  208. Foroutan M366
  209. Franklin RC367
  210. Frostad JJ1
  211. Fukumoto T368
  212. Gad MM369, 371
  213. Garcia GM1
  214. Gatotoh AM372, 373
  215. Gayesa RT376
  216. Gebremedhin KB312
  217. Geramo YCD232
  218. Gesesew HA285, 379
  219. Gezae KE380
  220. Ghashghaee A100, 103
  221. Sherbaf FG142
  222. Gill TK387
  223. Gill PS390
  224. Ginindza TG392
  225. Girmay A167
  226. Gizaw Z77
  227. Goodridge A393
  228. Gopalani SV394, 395, 396
  229. Goulart AC397, 398
  230. Goulart BNG400
  231. Grada A401
  232. Green MS402
  233. Gubari MIM403
  234. Gugnani HC404, 405
  235. Guido D406
  236. Guimaraes RA407
  237. Guo Y276, 408
  238. Gupta R409, 410
  239. Gupta R409, 410
  240. Ha GH293
  241. Haagsma JA413
  242. Hafezinejad N9, 143
  243. Haile DH32
  244. Haile MT306
  245. Hall BJ414
  246. Hamidi S415
  247. Handiso DW416
  248. Haririan H417
  249. Hariyani N388, 418
  250. Hasaballah AI420
  251. Hasan MM421, 422
  252. Hasanzadeh A10, 173
  253. Hassen HY423, 424
  254. Hayelom DH232
  255. Hegazy MI21
  256. Heibati B425
  257. Heidari B5
  258. Hendrie D183
  259. Henok A426
  260. Herteliu C176, 426
  261. Heydarpour F112
  262. De Hidru HD427
  263. Hird TR428
  264. Hoang CL326
  265. Hollerich GI1
  266. Hoogar P193
  267. Hossain N430
  268. Hosseinzadeh M295, 431
  269. Househ M432
  270. Hu G433
  271. Humayun A434
  272. Hussain SA435
  273. Hussen MAA72
  274. Ibitoye SE322
  275. Ilesanmi OS51, 323
  276. Ilic MD436
  277. Imaninasab MH225
  278. Iqbal U438
  279. Irvani SSN440
  280. Islam SMS446, 447
  281. Ivers RQ449
  282. Iwu CJ46, 49
  283. Jahanmehr N441, 442
  284. Jakovljevic M253, 437
  285. Jalali A113, 114
  286. Jayatilleke AU450, 451
  287. Jenabi E452
  288. Jha RP457, 458
  289. Jha V194, 239
  290. Ji JS459, 460
  291. Jonas JB462, 463
  292. Jozwiak JJ464
  293. Kabir A104
  294. Kabir Z465
  295. Kanchan T466
  296. Karch A467
  297. Karki S241
  298. Kasaeian A11, 105
  299. Kasahun GG168
  300. Kasaye HK377
  301. Kassa GM34
  302. Kassa GG169
  303. Kayode GA468, 469, 470
  304. Kebede MM471, 472
  305. Keiyoro PN372
  306. Ketema DB33
  307. Khader YS473
  308. Khafaie MA65
  309. Khalid N474
  310. Khalilov R475, 476
  311. Khan EA478
  312. Khan J317
  313. Khan MNN336, 477
  314. Khatab K479, 480
  315. Khater MM24
  316. Khater AM25
  317. Khayamzadeh M445, 481
  318. Khazaei M453
  319. Khosravi MH106
  320. Khubchandani J482
  321. Kiadaliri A483, 484
  322. Kim YJ485
  323. Kimokoti RW486
  324. Kisa S487
  325. Kisa A488, 489
  326. Kochhar S3, 490
  327. Kolola T307
  328. Komaki H454, 455, 491
  329. Kosen S492
  330. Koul PA493
  331. Koyanagi A494, 495
  332. Krishan K496
  333. Defo BK497, 498
  334. Kugbey N185
  335. Kumar P318
  336. Anil Kumar G291
  337. Kumar M374, 499
  338. Kusuma D216, 500
  339. La Vecchia C501
  340. Lacey B229, 502
  341. Lal A247
  342. Lal DK291
  343. Lam H503
  344. Lami FH504
  345. Lansingh VC505, 506
  346. Lasrado S507
  347. Lebedev G254, 508
  348. Lee PH151
  349. Legrand KE1
  350. Leili M453
  351. Lenjebo TL179
  352. Leshargie CT509
  353. Levine AJ1
  354. Lewycka S230, 510
  355. Li S279
  356. Linn S403
  357. Liu S511
  358. Lopez JCF138, 512
  359. Lopukhov PD251
  360. El Razek MMA513
  361. Mahadeshwara Prasad DR514, 515
  362. Mahasha PW48
  363. Mahotra NB516
  364. Majeed A215
  365. Malekzadeh R12, 219
  366. Malta DC37
  367. Mamun AA422
  368. Manafi N107, 517
  369. Mansournia MA13
  370. Mapoma CC518
  371. Martinez G519
  372. Martini S419, 520
  373. Martinsmelo FR521
  374. Mathur MR289, 522
  375. Mayala BK1, 523
  376. Mazidi M364
  377. Mcalinden C524
  378. Meharie BG525
  379. Mehndiratta MM526, 527
  380. Nasab EM14
  381. Mehta KM528
  382. Mekonnen T530
  383. Mekonnen TC526
  384. Meles GG381
  385. Meles HG386
  386. Memiah PTN531
  387. Memish ZA532, 533
  388. Mendoza W534
  389. Menezes RG88
  390. Mereta ST73
  391. Meretoja TJ535, 536
  392. Mestrovic T537, 538
  393. Metekiya WM382
  394. Miazgowski B539, 540, 541
  395. Miller TR183, 542
  396. Mini GK452, 543
  397. Mirrakhimov EM544, 545
  398. Moazen B210, 546
  399. Mohajer B7
  400. Mohammad Y130
  401. Mohammad DK357, 547
  402. Mezerji NMG456
  403. Mohammadibakhsh R457
  404. Mohammed S209
  405. Mohammed JA548
  406. Mohammed H389
  407. Mohebi F7, 15
  408. Mokdad AH1, 2
  409. Moodley Y549
  410. Moradi G550, 551
  411. Moradi M115
  412. Moradijoo M550, 551, 552
  413. Moraga P429
  414. Morales L93
  415. Mosapour A164, 553
  416. Mosser JF1
  417. Mouodi S163
  418. Mousavi SM16
  419. Mozaffor M554, 555
  420. Munro SB1
  421. Muriithi MK375
  422. Murray CJL1
  423. Musa KI556
  424. Mustafa G557, 558
  425. Muthupandian S383
  426. Naderi M116
  427. Nagarajan AJ559, 560, 561
  428. Naghavi M1, 2
  429. Naik G562
  430. Nangia V564
  431. Nascimento BR38, 39
  432. Nazari J125
  433. Ndwandwe DE47
  434. Negoi I146, 565
  435. Netsere HB78, 566
  436. Ngunjiri JW567
  437. Nguyen CT293
  438. Nguyen HLT293
  439. Nguyen QP1
  440. Nigatu SG77
  441. Ningrum DNA439, 568
  442. Nnaji CA49, 570
  443. Nojomi M102, 108
  444. Norheim OF212, 571
  445. Noubiap JJ572
  446. Oancea B573
  447. Ogbo FA329
  448. Oh IH574
  449. Olagunju AT575, 576, 578
  450. Olusanya BO579
  451. Olusanya JO579
  452. Onwujekwe OE580
  453. Ortegaaltamirano DV94
  454. Osarenotor O581
  455. Osei FB582, 583
  456. Owolabi MO52, 324
  457. Mahesh PA584
  458. Padubidri JR585
  459. Pakhale S588
  460. Pana A176, 589
  461. Park EK590
  462. Patel SK591
  463. Pathak A358, 592
  464. Patle A317, 593
  465. Paulos K180
  466. Pepito VCF594
  467. Perico N595
  468. Pervaiz A596
  469. Pescarini JM598
  470. Pesudovs K242
  471. Pham HQ293
  472. Pigott DM1, 2
  473. Pilgrim T599, 645
  474. Pirsaheb M115
  475. Poljak M601
  476. Pollock I1
  477. Postma MJ602, 603
  478. Pourmalek F604
  479. Pourshams A12
  480. Prada SI605, 606
  481. Preotescu L147, 607
  482. Quintana H256
  483. Rabiee N191
  484. Rabiee M608
  485. Radfar A609
  486. Rafiei A298, 299
  487. Rahim F17, 66
  488. Rahimi S300
  489. Rahimimovaghar V18
  490. Rahman MHU610, 611
  491. Rahman MA182
  492. Rajati F115
  493. Ranabhat CL612, 613
  494. Rao PC1
  495. Rasella D332
  496. Rath GK612
  497. Rawaf S615, 616
  498. Rawal L617
  499. Rawasia WF618
  500. Remuzzi G597
  501. Renjith V619
  502. Renzaho AMN620, 621
  503. Resnikoff S243, 622
  504. Riahi SM623
  505. Ribeiro AI268
  506. Rickard J622, 624
  507. Roever L625
  508. Ronfani L626
  509. Rubagotti E627, 628
  510. Rubino S629
  511. Saad AM370
  512. Sabour S443
  513. Sadeghi E115
  514. Moghaddam SS7
  515. Safari Y115
  516. Sagar R614
  517. Sahraian MA6
  518. Mohammad Sajadi S630, 631
  519. Salahshoor MR117
  520. Salam N632
  521. Saleem A633
  522. Salem MR634
  523. Salem H26
  524. Salimi Y118, 119
  525. Salimzadeh H12
  526. Samy AM155
  527. Sanabria J635, 636
  528. Santos IS398, 399
  529. Santricmilicevic MM204, 206
  530. Jose BPS40
  531. Saraswathy SYI637, 638
  532. Sarrafzadegan N28, 604
  533. Sartorius B2, 44
  534. Sathian B639, 640
  535. Sathish T577
  536. Satpathy M641, 642
  537. Sawhney M643
  538. Sayyah M67
  539. Sbarra AN1
  540. Schaeffer LE1
  541. Schwebel DC563
  542. Senbeta AM643
  543. Senthilkumaran S644
  544. Sepanlou SG12, 219
  545. Servanmori E91
  546. Shafieesabet A646, 647
  547. Shaheen AA648
  548. Shahid I649
  549. Shaikh MA648
  550. Shalash AS154
  551. Shamsbeyranvand M649
  552. Shamsi M120
  553. Shamsizadeh M650
  554. Shannawaz M288, 651
  555. Sharafi K115
  556. Sharma R652
  557. Sheikh A213, 653
  558. Shetty BSK588
  559. Shiferaw WS186
  560. Shigematsu M655
  561. Shin JI656
  562. Shiri R657
  563. Shirkoohi R19, 20
  564. Shivakumar KM658
  565. Si S277
  566. Siabani S97, 121
  567. Siddiqi TJ659
  568. Silva DAS661
  569. Singh BB448, 662
  570. Singh A153
  571. Singh V663
  572. Singh NP665
  573. Singh JA564, 666
  574. Sinha DN667, 668
  575. Sisay MM76
  576. Skiadaresi E669
  577. Smith DL1, 2
  578. Filho AMS670, 671
  579. Sobhiyeh MR122
  580. Sokhan A672
  581. Soriano JB673, 674
  582. Sorrie MB233
  583. Soyiri IN675
  584. Spurlock EE1
  585. Sreeramareddy CT676
  586. Sudaryanto A677
  587. Sufiyan MB288
  588. Suleria HAR678
  589. Sykes BL680
  590. Tabaresseisdedos R681, 682
  591. Tabuchi T683
  592. Tadesse DB168
  593. Tarigan IU684
  594. Taye B685
  595. Tefera YM389, 529
  596. Tehranibanihashemi A102, 108
  597. Tekelemedhin SW388
  598. Tekle MG197
  599. Temsah MH129
  600. Tesfay FH286, 382
  601. Tesfay BE430
  602. Tessema ZT77
  603. Thankappan KR686
  604. Thekkepurakkal AS290
  605. Thomas N281
  606. Thompson RL1
  607. Thomson AJ687
  608. Topormadry R688, 689
  609. Tovanipalone MR690, 691
  610. Traini E473
  611. Tran BX692
  612. Tran KB693, 694
  613. Ullah I695
  614. Unnikrishnan B589
  615. Usman MS660
  616. Uthman OA391
  617. Uzochukwu BSC582
  618. Valdez PR262, 696
  619. Varughese S282
  620. Veisani Y697
  621. Violante FS698, 699
  622. Vollmer S700
  623. Whawariat FG232
  624. Waheed Y701
  625. Wallin MT533, 702
  626. Wang YP703
  627. Wang Y402
  628. Wangdi K248
  629. Weiss DJ231
  630. Weldesamuel GT167
  631. Werkneh AA384
  632. Westerman R705
  633. Wiangkham T706
  634. Wiens KE1
  635. Wijeratne T679, 707
  636. Wiysonge CS50, 570
  637. Wolde HF76
  638. Wondafrash DZ313, 385
  639. Wonde TE33
  640. Worku GT233, 708
  641. Yadollahpour A68
  642. Jabbari SHY709
  643. Yamada T710
  644. Yaseri M13, 444
  645. Yatsuya H711, 712
  646. Yeshaneh A344
  647. Yilma MT378
  648. Yip P273, 274
  649. Yisma E314
  650. Yonemoto N713, 714
  651. Younis MZ715, 716
  652. Yousof HASA24
  653. Yu C703, 704
  654. Yusefzadeh H717
  655. Zadey S461
  656. Moghadam TZ350
  657. Zaidi Z718
  658. Zaman SB278, 719
  659. Zamani M165
  660. Zandian H350, 351
  661. Zar HJ571, 720
  662. Zerfu TA654, 721
  663. Zhang Y722, 723
  664. Ziapour A121
  665. Zodpey S291
  666. Zuniga YMH724, 725
  667. Hay SI1, 2
Show Affiliations
Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  2. 2. Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  3. 3. Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  4. 4. Advanced Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  5. 5. Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  6. 6. Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  7. 7. Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  8. 8. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  9. 9. School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  10. 10. Department of Microbiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  11. 11. Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  12. 12. Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  13. 13. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  14. 14. Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  15. 15. National Institute of Health Research (NIHR), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  16. 16. Department of Health Policy, Management, and Economics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  17. 17. Metabolomics and Genomics Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  18. 18. Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  19. 19. Cancer Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  20. 20. Cancer Biology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  21. 21. Department of Neurology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
  22. 22. Neurophysiology Department, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
  23. 23. Endemic Medicine and Hepatogastroentrology Department, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
  24. 24. Department of Medical Parasitology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
  25. 25. National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
  26. 26. Urology Department, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
  27. 27. Neuroscience Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
  28. 28. Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
  29. 29. Department of Biostatistics, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus
  30. 30. Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, Madda Walabu University, Bale Robe, Ethiopia
  31. 31. Department of Public Health, Madda Walabu University, Bale Robe, Ethiopia
  32. 32. Department of Nursing, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
  33. 33. Department of Public Health, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
  34. 34. College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
  35. 35. Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
  36. 36. Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
  37. 37. Department of Maternal and Child Nursing and Public Health, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
  38. 38. Department of Clinical Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
  39. 39. Clinical Hospital, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
  40. 40. Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
  41. 41. Department of Research, Philippine Institute for Development Studies, Quezon City, Philippines
  42. 42. Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
  43. 43. Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
  44. 44. Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
  45. 45. Clinical Research and Operations, Foundation for Scientific Research (FORS), Cotonou, Benin
  46. 46. Department of Global Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
  47. 47. Cochrane South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
  48. 48. Grants, Innovation and Product Development Unit, Cape Town, South Africa
  49. 49. South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
  50. 50. College of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  51. 51. Department of Community Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  52. 52. Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  53. 53. Department of Sociology, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye, Nigeria
  54. 54. Department of Medical Rehabilitation, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
  55. 55. Department of Child Dental Health, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
  56. 56. Population Health Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
  57. 57. Centre of Excellence for Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
  58. 58. Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
  59. 59. Nepal Health Frontiers, University of Southern Denmark, Kathmandu, Nepal
  60. 60. Department of Dermatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
  61. 61. Center for Policy, Population & Health Research, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
  62. 62. Center of Complexity Sciences, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
  63. 63. Environmental Technologies Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
  64. 64. Environmental Health Engineering, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
  65. 65. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
  66. 66. Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
  67. 67. Education Development Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
  68. 68. Medical Physics Department, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
  69. 69. Lincoln Medical School, Universities of Nottingham & Lincoln, Lincoln, United Kingdom
  70. 70. Economics and Rural Development Department, University of Gezira, Wad Madani, Sudan
  71. 71. Department of Epidemiology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
  72. 72. Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
  73. 73. Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Technology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
  74. 74. Australian Center for Precision Health, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  75. 75. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  76. 76. Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  77. 77. Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  78. 78. School of Nursing, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  79. 79. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States
  80. 80. Mayo Evidence-based Practice Center, Mayo Clinic Foundation for Medical Education and Research, Rochester, MN, United States
  81. 81. John T. Milliken Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
  82. 82. Clinical Epidemiology Center, Department of Veterans Affairs, St Louis, MO, United States
  83. 83. Prevention Division, Queensland Health, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  84. 84. Centre for Environment and Population Health, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia
  85. 85. Community Health and Epidemiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
  86. 86. Health Information Management and Technology Department, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
  87. 87. Environmental Health Department, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
  88. 88. Forensic Medicine Division, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
  89. 89. Nab'a Al-Hayat Foundation for Medical Sciences and Health Care, Najaf, Iraq
  90. 90. Center for Health System Research, Cuernavaca, Mexico
  91. 91. Health and Nutrition Research Center, Cuernavaca, Mexico
  92. 92. Center for Nutrition and Health Research, Cuernavaca, Mexico
  93. 93. Center for Population Health Research, Cuernavaca, Mexico
  94. 94. Health Systems Research Center, Cuernavaca, Mexico
  95. 95. National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
  96. 96. School of Public Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  97. 97. School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  98. 98. Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
  99. 99. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
  100. 100. Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  101. 101. Health Economics Department, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  102. 102. Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  103. 103. Student Research Committee, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  104. 104. Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  105. 105. Pars Advanced and Minimally Invasive Medical Manners Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  106. 106. Department of Neurosurgery, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  107. 107. School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  108. 108. Department of Community and Family Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  109. 109. Department of Health Policy and Management, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
  110. 110. International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, National University of Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Malaysia
  111. 111. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  112. 112. Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  113. 113. Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  114. 114. Substance Abuse Prevention Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  115. 115. Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  116. 116. Clinical Research Development Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  117. 117. Department of Anatomical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  118. 118. Social Development and Health Promotion Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  119. 119. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  120. 120. Department of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  121. 121. Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  122. 122. Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  123. 123. Department of Epidemiology, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
  124. 124. Health Services Management Department, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
  125. 125. Department of Pediatrics, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
  126. 126. Medical Research Center, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
  127. 127. Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
  128. 128. Department of Parasitology, Sana'a University, Sana'a, Yemen
  129. 129. Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  130. 130. Internal Medicine Department, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  131. 131. Research Group in Health Economics, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
  132. 132. Research Group in Hospital Management and Health Policies, University of the Coast, Barranquilla, Colombia
  133. 133. Department of Economic Sciences, University of the Coast, Barranquilla, Colombia
  134. 134. National Health Observatory, National Institute of Health, Bogota, Colombia
  135. 135. Colombian National Health Observatory, National Institute of Health, Bogota, Colombia
  136. 136. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
  137. 137. Department of Health Policy and Administration, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
  138. 138. Department of Nutrition, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
  139. 139. School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
  140. 140. Center for Clinical Global Health Education, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
  141. 141. Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
  142. 142. Neuroradiology Division, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
  143. 143. Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
  144. 144. Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
  145. 145. Cardiology Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  146. 146. Department of General Surgery, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  147. 147. Department of Infectious Diseases, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  148. 148. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
  149. 149. School of Public Health, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
  150. 150. Department of Applied Social Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
  151. 151. School of Nursing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
  152. 152. Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
  153. 153. Agribusiness Study Program, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta, Indonesia
  154. 154. Neurology Department, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
  155. 155. Department of Entomology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
  156. 156. Department of Public Health, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
  157. 157. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran
  158. 158. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
  159. 159. School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
  160. 160. Disciple of Child and Adolescent Health, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
  161. 161. Monitoring Evaluation and Operational Research Project, Abt Associates Nepal, Lalitpur, Nepal
  162. 162. School of Nursing and Midwifery, Babol, Iran
  163. 163. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Babol, Iran
  164. 164. Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Babol, Iran
  165. 165. Student Research Committee, Babol, Iran
  166. 166. Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
  167. 167. Department of Nursing, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia
  168. 168. School of Pharmacy, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia
  169. 169. Department of Biomedical Sciences, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia
  170. 170. Department of Immunology, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Iran
  171. 171. Department of Biology, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
  172. 172. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
  173. 173. Department of Microbiology, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
  174. 174. Dr. D.Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Pune, India
  175. 175. School of Business, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
  176. 176. Department of Statistics and Econometrics, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania
  177. 177. King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India
  178. 178. Department of Nursing, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
  179. 179. School of Public Health, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
  180. 180. Department of Midwifery, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
  181. 181. The Judith Lumley Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  182. 182. School of Nursing and Midwifery, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  183. 183. School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
  184. 184. Department of Health Policy Planning and Management, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
  185. 185. Department of Family and Community Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
  186. 186. Department of Nursing, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
  187. 187. Public Health Risk Sciences Division, Public Health Agency of Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada
  188. 188. Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
  189. 189. Centre for Global Child Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
  190. 190. Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
  191. 191. Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
  192. 192. Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Manipal, India
  193. 193. Centre for Bio Cultural Studies (CBiCS), Manipal, India
  194. 194. Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
  195. 195. Department of Medical Microbiology, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
  196. 196. School of Nursing and Midwifery, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
  197. 197. School of Public Health, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
  198. 198. Department of Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
  199. 199. Polish Mothers' Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland
  200. 200. Department of Internal Medicine, University of London, London, United Kingdom
  201. 201. Department of General Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
  202. 202. Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health Department, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
  203. 203. Clinic for Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
  204. 204. Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
  205. 205. Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
  206. 206. School of Public Health and Health Management, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
  207. 207. Department of Neurosciences, Costa Rican Department of Social Security, San Jose, Costa Rica
  208. 208. School of Medicine, University of Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica
  209. 209. Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
  210. 210. T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  211. 211. Center for Primary Care, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  212. 212. Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  213. 213. Division of General Internal Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  214. 214. School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  215. 215. Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  216. 216. Imperial College Business School, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  217. 217. Faculty of Information Technology, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HUTECH), Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
  218. 218. Health Human Resources Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  219. 219. Non-communicable Disease Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  220. 220. Department of Community Medicine, Gandhi Medical College Bhopal, Bhopal, India
  221. 221. Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, New York University, New York, NY, United States
  222. 222. Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion, New York University, New York, NY, United States
  223. 223. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
  224. 224. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
  225. 225. Department of Public Health, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
  226. 226. Department of Medicine, El Bosque University, Bogota, Colombia
  227. 227. Transplant Service, University Hospital Foundation Santa Fe de Bogota, Bogota, Colombia
  228. 228. School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
  229. 229. Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
  230. 230. Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
  231. 231. Malaria Atlas Project, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
  232. 232. Department of Public Health, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
  233. 233. Faculty of Business and Economics, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
  234. 234. Hubert Department of Global Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
  235. 235. Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Massachusetts, Medical School, Springfield, MA, United States
  236. 236. Department of Statistical and Computational Genomics, National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, Kalyani, India
  237. 237. Department of Statistics, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
  238. 238. Injury Division, New Delhi, India
  239. 239. The George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi, India
  240. 240. The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  241. 241. Transport and Road Safety (TARS) Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  242. 242. School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  243. 243. School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  244. 244. Centre of Excellence in Women & Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
  245. 245. Division of Women and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
  246. 246. Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Ranica, Italy
  247. 247. National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
  248. 248. Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
  249. 249. Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  250. 250. Department of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran
  251. 251. Department of Biomedical Technologies, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
  252. 252. Department of Epidemiology and Evidence Based Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
  253. 253. N. A. Semashko Department of Public Health and Healthcare, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
  254. 254. Department of Information and Internet Technologies, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
  255. 255. Neuroscience Unit, Institute for Scientific Research, High Technology Services, Panama City, Panama
  256. 256. Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health Studies, Panama City, Panama
  257. 257. Department of Community Medicine, Employee State Insurance Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Bangalore, India
  258. 258. School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
  259. 259. Al Shifa School of Public Health, Al Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
  260. 260. Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
  261. 261. Board of Directors, Buenos Aires, Argentina
  262. 262. Argentine Society of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
  263. 263. School of Medicine, University of the Valley of Cuernavaca, Cuernavaca, Mexico
  264. 264. Centre for Population Health Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
  265. 265. Department of Health Care, Metropolitan Autonomous University, Mexico City, Mexico
  266. 266. Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences (UCIBIO), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  267. 267. Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  268. 268. EPIUnit - Public Health Institute University Porto (ISPUP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  269. 269. Epidemiology and Public Health Evaluation Group, National University of Colombia, Bogota, Colombia
  270. 270. Department of Public Health, National University of Colombia, Bogota, Colombia
  271. 271. Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  272. 272. School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
  273. 273. Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
  274. 274. Department of Social Work and Social Administration, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
  275. 275. Graduate School for International Development and Cooperation, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
  276. 276. Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  277. 277. School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  278. 278. The School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  279. 279. Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
  280. 280. Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Christian Medical College and Hospital (CMC), Vellore, India
  281. 281. Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Christian Medical College and Hospital (CMC), Vellore, India
  282. 282. Department of Nephrology, Christian Medical College and Hospital (CMC), Vellore, India
  283. 283. Faculty of Biology, Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi, Viet Nam
  284. 284. Discipline of Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  285. 285. College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  286. 286. Southgate Institute for Health and Society, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  287. 287. Department of Community Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
  288. 288. Health Systems and Policy Research Unit, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
  289. 289. Health Policy Research, Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India
  290. 290. Disease Burden Department, Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India
  291. 291. Indian Institute of Public Health, Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India
  292. 292. Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
  293. 293. Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
  294. 294. Department of Information Technology, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
  295. 295. Department of Computer Science, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
  296. 296. Department of Pediatrics, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
  297. 297. Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
  298. 298. Department of Immunology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
  299. 299. Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
  300. 300. Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
  301. 301. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
  302. 302. James P Grant School of Public Health, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  303. 303. Central University Tami Nadu, Thiruvarur, India
  304. 304. Department of Population and Development, Latin American Faculty of Social Sciences Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
  305. 305. Neonatal Nursing Department, St Paul's Hospital, Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  306. 306. Nursing Department, St Paul's Hospital, Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  307. 307. Department of Public Health, Ambo, Ethiopia
  308. 308. Ambo University, Ambo, Ethiopia
  309. 309. Wellcome Trust Brighton and Sussex Centre for Global Health Research, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom
  310. 310. School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  311. 311. Department of Psychiatry, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  312. 312. Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  313. 313. Department of Pharmacology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  314. 314. School of Allied Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  315. 315. Department of Community Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
  316. 316. Department of Mathematical Demography & Statistics, Mumbai, India
  317. 317. Department of Population Studies, Mumbai, India
  318. 318. International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
  319. 319. Health Research Section, Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal
  320. 320. Department of Microbiology, Far Western University, Mahendranagar, Nepal
  321. 321. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan Rosales, Mexico
  322. 322. Department of Health Promotion and Education, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  323. 323. Department of Community Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  324. 324. Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  325. 325. Center of Excellence in Public Health Nutrition, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
  326. 326. Center of Excellence in Behavioral Medicine, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
  327. 327. Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Bangkok, Thailand
  328. 328. School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  329. 329. Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  330. 330. Health Sciences, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  331. 331. School of Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
  332. 332. Institute of Collective Health, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
  333. 333. Department of Internal Medicine, Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saude Publica, Salvador, Brazil
  334. 334. School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
  335. 335. Centre Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
  336. 336. Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
  337. 337. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
  338. 338. Department of Clinical Pathology, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
  339. 339. World Health, Universite du Quebec en Abitibi- Temiscamingue, Quebec, QC, Canada
  340. 340. Department of Community Medicine, Tripoli University, Tripoli, Libya
  341. 341. Health Information, World Health Organization (WHO), Tripoli, Libya
  342. 342. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
  343. 343. Department of Midwifery, Wolkite University, Wolkite, Ethiopia
  344. 344. Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States
  345. 345. Independent Consultant, Awka, Nigeria
  346. 346. International Institute for Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria
  347. 347. College of Medicine, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  348. 348. Department of Psychology, Federal University of Sergipe, Sao Cristovao, Brazil
  349. 349. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Ardabil University of Medical Science, Ardabil, Iran
  350. 350. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Science, Ardabil, Iran
  351. 351. Department of Community Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Science, Ardabil, Iran
  352. 352. National Institute for Stroke and Applied Neurosciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
  353. 353. Research Center of Neurology, Moscow, Russian Federation
  354. 354. Department of Psychiatry, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
  355. 355. Department of Public Health Nutrition, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
  356. 356. Department of Neurobiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
  357. 357. Department of Medicine-Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
  358. 358. Global Public Health-Health Systems and Policy (HSP): Medicines Focusing Antibiotics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
  359. 359. Division of Neurology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
  360. 360. Psychiatry Department, Kaiser Permanente, Fontana, CA, United States
  361. 361. School of Health Sciences, A.T. Still University, Mesa, AZ, United States
  362. 362. Institute of Gerontological Health Services and Nursing Research, Ravensburg-Weingarten University of Applied Sciences, Weingarten, Germany
  363. 363. Unit for Population-Based Dermatology Research, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
  364. 364. Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
  365. 365. Institute of Gerontology, National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
  366. 366. Department of Medical Parasitology, Abadan Faculty of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran
  367. 367. School of Public Health, Medical, and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Douglas, QLD, Australia
  368. 368. Department of Dermatology, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
  369. 369. Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
  370. 370. Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
  371. 371. Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
  372. 372. Open, Distance and eLearning Campus, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
  373. 373. Courseware Development and Production, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
  374. 374. Department of Psychiatry, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
  375. 375. School of Economics, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
  376. 376. Department of Nursing, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
  377. 377. School of Nursing and Midwifery, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
  378. 378. Department of Public Health, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
  379. 379. Department of Epidemiology, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  380. 380. Department of Biostatistics, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  381. 381. School of Public Health, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  382. 382. Department of Psychiatry, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  383. 383. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  384. 384. Department of Environmental Health and Behavioral Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  385. 385. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  386. 386. Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  387. 387. Australian Research Centre for Population Oral Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  388. 388. Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  389. 389. School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  390. 390. Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
  391. 391. Division of Health Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
  392. 392. Discipline of Public Health Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
  393. 393. Tuberculosis Biomarker Research Unit, Institute for Scientific Research and High Technology Services, City of Knowledge, Panama
  394. 394. Hudson College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma, Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
  395. 395. Department of Health and Social Affairs, Government of the Federated States of Micronesia, Palikir, Federated States of Micronesia
  396. 396. Center for Clinical and Epidemiological Research, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
  397. 397. Department of Internal Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
  398. 398. Center for Clinical and Epidemiological Research, Hospital Universitario, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
  399. 399. Department of Psychiatry, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
  400. 400. Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
  401. 401. Department of Dermatology, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
  402. 402. School of Public Health, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
  403. 403. Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimani, Iraq
  404. 404. Department of Microbiology, Saint James School of Medicine, The Valley, Anguilla
  405. 405. Department of Epidemiology, Saint James School of Medicine, The Valley, Anguilla
  406. 406. Epidemiology Unit, Agency for Health Protection, Milan, Italy
  407. 407. Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health (IPTSP), Federal University of Goias, Goiania, Brazil
  408. 408. Department of Epidemiology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai City, China
  409. 409. Medical Resources, March of Dimes, Arlington, VA, United States
  410. 410. Health Policy, Management and Leadership, West Virginia University, School of Public Health, Morgantown, WV, United States
  411. 411. Department of Preventive Cardiology, Eternal Heart Care Centre & Research Institute, Jaipur, India
  412. 412. Department of Medicine, Mahatma Gandhi University Medical Sciences, Jaipur, India
  413. 413. Department of Public Health, Erasmus University, Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
  414. 414. Department of Psychology, University of Macau, Macao
  415. 415. School of Health and Environmental Studies, Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
  416. 416. Department of Public Health, Wachemo University, Hossana, Ethiopia
  417. 417. Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  418. 418. Department of Dental Public Health, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
  419. 419. Faculty of Public Health, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
  420. 420. Department of Zoology and Entomology, Al Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
  421. 421. Institute for Social Science Research, The University of Queensland, Indooroopilly, QLD, Australia
  422. 422. ARC Centre of Excellence for Children and Families over the Life Course, The University of Queensland, Indooroopilly, QLD, Australia
  423. 423. Department of Primary and Interdisciplinary Care, University Hospital Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
  424. 424. Department of Public Health, Mizan-Tepi University, Mizan Teferi, Ethiopia
  425. 425. Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
  426. 426. School of Business, London South Bank University, London, United Kingdom
  427. 427. Department of Public Health, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia
  428. 428. Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
  429. 429. Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
  430. 430. Department of Pharmacology, Bangladesh Industrial Gases Limited, Tangail, Bangladesh
  431. 431. Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam
  432. 432. College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
  433. 433. Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Central South University, Changsha, China
  434. 434. Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Shaikh Khalifa Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan Medical College, Lahore, Pakistan
  435. 435. Department of Internal Medicine, Rochester General Hospital, Rochester, NY, United States
  436. 436. Department of Epidemiology, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
  437. 437. Department of Global Health, Economics and Policy, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
  438. 438. College of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
  439. 439. Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
  440. 440. Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  441. 441. School of Management and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
  442. 442. Safety Promotion and Injury Prevention Research Center, Tehran, Iran
  443. 443. Department of Epidemiology, Tehran, Iran
  444. 444. Ophthalmic Research Center, Tehran, Iran
  445. 445. Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  446. 446. Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia
  447. 447. Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  448. 448. School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  449. 449. School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
  450. 450. Postgraduate Institute of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
  451. 451. Faculty of Graduate Studies, Institute for Violence and Injury Prevention, Colombo, Sri Lanka
  452. 452. Autism Spectrum Disorders Research Center, Hamadan, Iran
  453. 453. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Hamadan, Iran
  454. 454. Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan, Iran
  455. 455. Department of Biostatistics, Hamadan, Iran
  456. 456. Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
  457. 457. Department of Community Medicine, Dr. Baba Saheb Ambedkar Medical College & Hospital, Delhi, India
  458. 458. Department of Community Medicine, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
  459. 459. Environmental Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, China
  460. 460. Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
  461. 461. Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
  462. 462. Department of Ophthalmology, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
  463. 463. Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing, China
  464. 464. Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Opole, Opole, Poland
  465. 465. School of Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
  466. 466. Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
  467. 467. Institute for Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Munster, Munster, Germany
  468. 468. International Research Center of Excellence, Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria
  469. 469. Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
  470. 470. Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
  471. 471. Department of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
  472. 472. Department of Prevention and Evaluation, Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology, Bremen, Germany
  473. 473. Department of Public Health, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
  474. 474. School of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
  475. 475. Department of Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Baku State University, Baku, Azerbaijan
  476. 476. Institute of Radiation Problems, Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences, Baku, Azerbaijan
  477. 477. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Pakistan
  478. 478. Department of Population Sciences, Jatiya Kabi Kazi Nazrul Islam University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
  479. 479. Faculty of Health and Wellbeing, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom
  480. 480. College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Zanesville, OH, United States
  481. 481. The Iranian Academy of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  482. 482. Department of Nutrition and Health Science, Ball State University, Muncie, IN, United States
  483. 483. Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
  484. 484. School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia
  485. 485. Department of Nutrition, Simmons University, Boston, MA, United States
  486. 486. Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
  487. 487. School of Health Sciences, Kristiania University College, Oslo, Norway
  488. 488. Global Community Health and Behavioral Sciences, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
  489. 489. Global Healthcare Consulting, New Delhi, India
  490. 490. Brain Engineering Research Center, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  491. 491. Independent Consultant, Jakarta, Indonesia
  492. 492. Department of Internal and Pulmonary Medicine, Sheri Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, India
  493. 493. CIBERSAM, San Juan de Dios Sanitary Park, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain
  494. 494. Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
  495. 495. Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
  496. 496. Department of Demography, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
  497. 497. Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
  498. 498. Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
  499. 499. Faculty of Public Health, University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
  500. 500. Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
  501. 501. National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
  502. 502. Institute of Health Policy and Development Studies, National Institutes of Health, Manila, Philippines
  503. 503. Department of Community and Family Medicine, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
  504. 504. Medical Director, HelpMeSee, New York, NY, United States
  505. 505. Mexican Institute of Ophthalmology, Queretaro, Mexico
  506. 506. Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Father Muller Medical College, Mangalore, India
  507. 507. Federal Research Institute for Health Organization and Informatics of the Ministry of Health (FRIHOI), Moscow, Russian Federation
  508. 508. School of Public Health, Haramaya University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
  509. 509. Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Asia Programme, Hanoi, Viet Nam
  510. 510. Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
  511. 511. Alliance for Improving Health Outcomes, Quezon City, Philippines
  512. 512. Ophthalmology Department, Ministry of Health & Population, Aswan, Egypt
  513. 513. Department of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, Mysore Medical College & Research Institute, Mysooru, India
  514. 514. Department of Health & Family Welfare, Government of Karnataka, India
  515. 515. Department of Clinical Physiology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
  516. 516. School of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
  517. 517. Department of Population Studies, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
  518. 518. Department of Economics, Autonomous Technology Institute of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
  519. 519. Indonesian Public Health Association, Surabaya, Indonesia
  520. 520. Campus Caucaia, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Ceara, Caucaia, Brazil
  521. 521. Institute of Population Health Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
  522. 522. ICF International, DHS Program, Rockville, MD, United States
  523. 523. Department of Ophthalmology, Singleton Hospital, Swansea, United Kingdom
  524. 524. Department of Pharmacy, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
  525. 525. Department of Public Health, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
  526. 526. Department of Environmental Health, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
  527. 527. Neurology Department, Janakpuri Super Specialty Hospital Society, New Delhi, India
  528. 528. Department of Neurology, Govind Ballabh Institute of Medical Education and Research, New Delhi, India
  529. 529. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
  530. 530. Department of Nutrition, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
  531. 531. Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
  532. 532. School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
  533. 533. College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  534. 534. Research & Innovation Center, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  535. 535. Peru Country Office, United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), Lima, Peru
  536. 536. Breast Surgery Unit, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
  537. 537. University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
  538. 538. Clinical Microbiology and Parasitology Unit, Dr. Zora Profozic Polyclinic, Zagreb, Croatia
  539. 539. University Centre Varazdin, University North, Varazdin, Croatia
  540. 540. Center for Innovation in Medical Education, Szczecin, Poland
  541. 541. Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
  542. 542. Pacific Institute for Research & Evaluation, Calverton, MD, United States
  543. 543. Global Institute of Public Health, Ananthapuri Hospitals, Research Institute, Trivandrum, India
  544. 544. Women's Social and Health Studies Foundation, Trivandrum, India
  545. 545. Internal Medicine Programme, Kyrgyz State Medical Academy, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
  546. 546. Department of Atherosclerosis and Coronary Heart Disease, National Center of Cardiology and Internal Disease, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
  547. 547. Institute of Addiction Research (ISFF), Frankfurt University of Applied Sciences, Frankfurt, Germany
  548. 548. Department of Forestry, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq
  549. 549. Department of Public Health, Samara University, Semera, Ethiopia
  550. 550. Health and Environmental Sciences Department, Central University of Technology, Bloemfontein, South Africa
  551. 551. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
  552. 552. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
  553. 553. National Center for Health Insurance Research, Iran Health Insurance Organization, Tehran, Iran
  554. 554. Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
  555. 555. Department of Biochemistry, Medical College for Women & Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  556. 556. Biomedical Research Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  557. 557. School of Medical Sciences, Science University of Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
  558. 558. Department of Pediatric Medicine, The Children's Hospital & The Institute of Child Health, Multan, Pakistan
  559. 559. Department of Pediatrics & Pediatric Pulmonology, Institute of Mother & Child Care, Multan, Pakistan
  560. 560. Research and Analytics Department, Initiative for Financing Health and Human Development, Chennai, India
  561. 561. Department of Research and Analytics, Bioinsilico Technologies, Chennai, India
  562. 562. Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
  563. 563. Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
  564. 564. School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
  565. 565. Suraj Eye Institute, Nagpur, India
  566. 566. Department of General Surgery, Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
  567. 567. School of Health Sciences, Surgical Nursing, Bahir Dar University, Gondar, Ethiopia
  568. 568. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Embu, Embu, Kenya
  569. 569. Public Health Department, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Kota Semarang, Indonesia
  570. 570. School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
  571. 571. Department of Paediatrics & Child Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
  572. 572. Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
  573. 573. Centre for Heart Rhythm Disorders, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, WA, Australia
  574. 574. Administrative and Economic Sciences Department, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
  575. 575. Department of Preventive Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Dongdaemun-gu, South Korea
  576. 576. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
  577. 577. Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
  578. 578. Department of Psychiatry, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
  579. 579. Centre for Healthy Start Initiative, Lagos, Nigeria
  580. 580. Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria
  581. 581. Department of Community Medicine, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria
  582. 582. Department of Environmental Management and Toxicology, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
  583. 583. Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
  584. 584. Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Energy and Natural Resources, Sunyani, Ghana
  585. 585. Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara Academy of Health Education and Research, Mysore, India
  586. 586. Department of Forensic Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
  587. 587. Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
  588. 588. Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
  589. 589. Department of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
  590. 590. Department of Health Metrics, Center for Health Outcomes & Evaluation, Bucharest, Romania
  591. 591. Department of Medical Humanities and Social Medicine, Kosin University, Busan, South Korea
  592. 592. Department of Poverty, Gender and Youth, Population Council, New Delhi, India
  593. 593. Department of Pediatrics, RD Gardi Medical College, Ujjain, India
  594. 594. International Institute of Health Management Research, New Delhi, India
  595. 595. Center for Research and Innovation, Ateneo De Manila University, Pasig City, Philippines
  596. 596. Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Bergamo, Italy
  597. 597. Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program, National Institute of Health Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
  598. 598. Center for Integration of Data and Health Knowledge, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Brazil
  599. 599. Department of Cardiology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
  600. 600. Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
  601. 601. University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
  602. 602. School of Economics and Business, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
  603. 603. School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
  604. 604. Clinical Research Center, Fundacion Valle del Lili, Cali, Colombia
  605. 605. Center for Studies in Social Protection and Health Economics, ICESI University, Cali, Colombia
  606. 606. National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Bucuresti, Romania
  607. 607. Biomedical Engineering Department, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
  608. 608. College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
  609. 609. Department of Community Medicine, Maharishi Markandeshwar Institute of Medical Sciences & Research, Ambala, India
  610. 610. School of Nursing and Healthcare Professions, Federation University Australia, Berwick, VIC, Australia
  611. 611. Research Department, Policy Research Institute, Kathmandu, Nepal
  612. 612. Health and Public Policy Department, Global Center for Research and Development, Kathmandu, Nepal
  613. 613. Department of Radiation Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
  614. 614. Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
  615. 615. Academic Public Health England, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
  616. 616. School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQ University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  617. 617. River Region Cardiology Associates, Montgomery, WV, United States
  618. 618. School of Nursing and Midwifery, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland - Bahrain, Muharraq Governorate, Bahrain
  619. 619. School of Social Sciences and Psychology, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
  620. 620. Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
  621. 621. Brien Holden Vision Institute, Sydney, Australia
  622. 622. Cardiovascular Diseases Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
  623. 623. Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
  624. 624. Department of Surgery, University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Kigali, Rwanda
  625. 625. Department of Clinical Research, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, Brazil
  626. 626. Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit, Burlo Garofolo Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Trieste, Italy
  627. 627. Agrosavia, Palmira, Colombia
  628. 628. Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
  629. 629. Department of Phytochemistry, Soran University, Soran, Iraq
  630. 630. Department of Nutrition, Cihan University-Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
  631. 631. Department of Microbiology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
  632. 632. School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  633. 633. Public Health and Community Medicine Department, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
  634. 634. Department of Surgery, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States
  635. 635. Department of Nutrition and Preventive Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
  636. 636. Department of Community Medicine, PSG Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Coimbatore, India
  637. 637. PSG-FAIMER South Asia Regional Institute, Coimbatore, India
  638. 638. Department of Geriatrics and Long Term Care, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
  639. 639. Faculty of Health & Social Sciences, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, United Kingdom
  640. 640. UGC Centre of Advanced Study in Psychology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, India
  641. 641. Udyam-Global Association for Sustainable Development, Bhubaneswar, India
  642. 642. Department of Public Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States
  643. 643. Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Jigjiga University, Jigjiga, Ethiopia
  644. 644. Emergency Department, Manian Medical Centre, Erode, India
  645. 645. Department of Cardiology, Charite Medical University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
  646. 646. Center for Stroke Research Berlin (CSB), Berlin, Germany
  647. 647. Public Health Division, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
  648. 648. Department of Internal Medicine, Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan
  649. 649. Independent Consultant, Karachi, Pakistan
  650. 650. School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
  651. 651. Faculty of Caring Science, Work Life, and Social Welfare, Faculty of Caring Science, Work Life and Social Welfare, University of Boras, Boras, Sweden
  652. 652. Department of Community Medicine, BLDE University, Vijayapur, India
  653. 653. University School of Management and Entrepreneurship, Delhi Technological University, Delhi, India
  654. 654. Centre for Medical Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
  655. 655. Public Health Department, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
  656. 656. National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
  657. 657. College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
  658. 658. Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
  659. 659. Public Health Dentistry Department, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences Deemed to be University, Karad, India
  660. 660. Department of Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
  661. 661. Department of Internal Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
  662. 662. Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
  663. 663. School of Public Health & Zoonoses, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary & Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, India
  664. 664. Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Asthma Bhawan, Jaipur, India
  665. 665. Max Hospital, Ghaziabad, India
  666. 666. Medicine Service, US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), Birmingham, AL, United States
  667. 667. Department of Epidemiology, School of Preventive Oncology, Patna, India
  668. 668. Department of Epidemiology, Healis Sekhsaria Institute for Public Health, Mumbai, India
  669. 669. Department of Ophthalmology, Hywel Dda University Health Board, Llanelli, United Kingdom
  670. 670. Department of Diseases and Non-communicable Diseases and Health Promotion, Federal Ministry of Health, Brasilia, Brazil
  671. 671. Health Surveillance Secretariat, Ministry of Health, Brasilia, Brazil
  672. 672. Department of Infectious Diseases, Kharkiv National Medical University, Kharkiv, Ukraine
  673. 673. Princess University Hospital, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
  674. 674. Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
  675. 675. Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull City, United Kingdom
  676. 676. Division of Community Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
  677. 677. Nursing, Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta, Surakarta, Indonesia
  678. 678. Department of Agriculture and Food Systems, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  679. 679. Department of Neurology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  680. 680. Department of Criminology, Law, and Society, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
  681. 681. Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
  682. 682. Carlos III Health Institute, Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CiberSAM), Madrid, Spain
  683. 683. Cancer Control Center, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan
  684. 684. Research and Development Center for Humanities and Health Management, National Institute of Health Research & Development, Jakarta, Indonesia
  685. 685. Colgate University, Hamilton, NY, United States
  686. 686. Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, India
  687. 687. Department of Global Health Research, Adaptive Knowledge Management, Victoria, BC, Canada
  688. 688. Institute of Public Health, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Krakow, Poland
  689. 689. Agency for Health Technology Assessment and Tariff System, Warsaw, Poland
  690. 690. Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
  691. 691. Modestum LTD, London, United Kingdom
  692. 692. Department of Health Economics, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
  693. 693. Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
  694. 694. Clinical Hematology and Toxicology, Maurice Wilkins Centre, Auckland, New Zealand
  695. 695. Department of Allied Health Sciences, Iqra National University, Peshawar, Pakistan
  696. 696. Velez Sarsfield Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina
  697. 697. Psychosocial Injuries Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
  698. 698. Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
  699. 699. Occupational Health Unit, Sant'Orsola Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
  700. 700. Department of Economics, University of Gottingen, Gottingen, Germany
  701. 701. Foundation University, Medical College, Foundation University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
  702. 702. Department of Neurology, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
  703. 703. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
  704. 704. Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
  705. 705. Competence Center of Mortality-Follow-Up of the German National Cohort, Federal Institute for Population Research, Wiesbaden, Germany
  706. 706. Department of Physical Therapy, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
  707. 707. Department of Medicine, University of Rajarata, Saliyapura Anuradhapuraya, Sri Lanka
  708. 708. Department of Health Economics, Addis Continental Institute of Public Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  709. 709. Clinical Cancer Research Center, Milad General Hospital, Tehran, Iran
  710. 710. Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
  711. 711. Department of Public Health, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
  712. 712. Department of Public Health and Health Systems, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
  713. 713. Department of Neuropsychopharmaology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan
  714. 714. Department of Public Health, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
  715. 715. Department of Health Policy and Management, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, United States
  716. 716. School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
  717. 717. Department of Health care Management and Economics, Urmia University of Medical Science, Urmia, Iran
  718. 718. Department of Medicine, University Ferhat Abbas of Setif, Setif, Algeria
  719. 719. Maternal and Child Health Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  720. 720. Unit on Child & Adolescent Health, Medical Research Council South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
  721. 721. College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia
  722. 722. School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
  723. 723. Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
  724. 724. Health Technology Assessment Unit, Department of Health Philippines, Manila, Philippines
  725. 725. #MentalHealthPH, Quezon City, Philippines
  726. 726. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Department of Health Metrics Science, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, 98121, WA, United States

Source: The Lancet Global Health Published:2020


Abstract

Background: Universal access to safe drinking water and sanitation facilities is an essential human right, recognised in the Sustainable Development Goals as crucial for preventing disease and improving human wellbeing. Comprehensive, high-resolution estimates are important to inform progress towards achieving this goal. We aimed to produce high-resolution geospatial estimates of access to drinking water and sanitation facilities. Methods: We used a Bayesian geostatistical model and data from 600 sources across more than 88 low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) to estimate access to drinking water and sanitation facilities on continuous continent-wide surfaces from 2000 to 2017, and aggregated results to policy-relevant administrative units. We estimated mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive subcategories of facilities for drinking water (piped water on or off premises, other improved facilities, unimproved, and surface water) and sanitation facilities (septic or sewer sanitation, other improved, unimproved, and open defecation) with use of ordinal regression. We also estimated the number of diarrhoeal deaths in children younger than 5 years attributed to unsafe facilities and estimated deaths that were averted by increased access to safe facilities in 2017, and analysed geographical inequality in access within LMICs. Findings: Across LMICs, access to both piped water and improved water overall increased between 2000 and 2017, with progress varying spatially. For piped water, the safest water facility type, access increased from 40·0% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 39·4–40·7) to 50·3% (50·0–50·5), but was lowest in sub-Saharan Africa, where access to piped water was mostly concentrated in urban centres. Access to both sewer or septic sanitation and improved sanitation overall also increased across all LMICs during the study period. For sewer or septic sanitation, access was 46·3% (95% UI 46·1–46·5) in 2017, compared with 28·7% (28·5–29·0) in 2000. Although some units improved access to the safest drinking water or sanitation facilities since 2000, a large absolute number of people continued to not have access in several units with high access to such facilities (>80%) in 2017. More than 253 000 people did not have access to sewer or septic sanitation facilities in the city of Harare, Zimbabwe, despite 88·6% (95% UI 87·2–89·7) access overall. Many units were able to transition from the least safe facilities in 2000 to safe facilities by 2017; for units in which populations primarily practised open defecation in 2000, 686 (95% UI 664–711) of the 1830 (1797–1863) units transitioned to the use of improved sanitation. Geographical disparities in access to improved water across units decreased in 76·1% (95% UI 71·6–80·7) of countries from 2000 to 2017, and in 53·9% (50·6–59·6) of countries for access to improved sanitation, but remained evident subnationally in most countries in 2017. Interpretation: Our estimates, combined with geospatial trends in diarrhoeal burden, identify where efforts to increase access to safe drinking water and sanitation facilities are most needed. By highlighting areas with successful approaches or in need of targeted interventions, our estimates can enable precision public health to effectively progress towards universal access to safe water and sanitation. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.
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