The Effects and Mechanisms of Ultrasound Waves on Bacteria Publisher



Yazdi NB ; Khanizadeh M ; Hamidi F ; Arfaeinia H ; Sheikhi S ; Mazloumian M ; Malekpoor M ; Ghalhari MR ; Bashardoust P ; Hassanpour AA ; Dehghani MH
Source: Ultrasonic Treatment of Water and Wastewater: Removal of Biological and Chemical Pollutants and Combined Processes Published:2026

Abstract

Ultrasound waves are a promising noninvasive method for controlling and eliminating bacteria. This review emphasizes the diverse effects of ultrasound waves, including physical, thermal, and biological interactions, and offers insights into the underlying mechanisms involved. Gaining a deeper understanding of how ultrasound interacts with bacteria will facilitate the development of novel ultrasound-based technologies for infection control and therapeutic purposes. Extensive research has focused on ultrasound waves and their antimicrobial properties. They directly impact bacteria through cavitation, microstreaming, and acoustic streaming, disrupting bacterial structures via the formation and collapse of gas-filled bubbles and inducing fluid flow patterns. Ultrasound waves also generate thermal effects, leading to localized heating, increased metabolic activity, cell death, protein denaturation, and improved permeability of bacterial cell membranes, facilitating the uptake of antimicrobial agents. The response of bacteria to ultrasound waves is influenced by various factors, such as ultrasound frequency, intensity, exposure time, and bacterial characteristics. Gram-negative bacteria generally exhibit higher susceptibility compared to gram-positive bacteria due to their thinner cell walls and increased vulnerability to mechanical stress. Recent studies have revealed the underlying mechanisms by which bacteria respond to ultrasound waves, involving the generation of reactive oxygen species, DNA damage, protein aggregation, and disruption of cellular processes. Additionally, ultrasound waves hold the potential to influence bacterial biofilm formation and dispersal, making them a promising approach for tackling biofilm-related infections. Despite advancements, there are still knowledge gaps and challenges in understanding ultrasound’s effects on bacteria, requiring further research to optimize parameters, identify molecular targets, and evaluate long-term viability and resistance development. © 2026 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.