A Narrative Review of Challenges and Management Strategies for Pediatric Clients With Neurodevelopmental Disorders in Non-Psychiatric Settings Publisher



Rasouli A ; Khaleghi A ; Bashi S K ; Zarafshan H
Source: Iranian Journal of Psychiatry Published:2026

Abstract

Objective: The prevalence of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (NDDs), including Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), is increasing globally, driven largely by evolving diagnostic criteria, diagnostic substitution, and increased public awareness. While children with NDDs frequently visit Emergency Departments (EDs) for medical, non-psychiatric complaints, acute care environments are often ill-equipped to meet their unique sensory and communicative needs. This mismatch frequently leads to behavioral escalation, increased use of restraint, and caregiver dissatisfaction. Method: This narrative review synthesizes current literature to examine the challenges facing pediatric clients with NDDs in non-psychiatric settings and identifies evidence-based strategies to optimize their management. Results: Analysis reveals that the chaotic nature of the ED, characterized by sensory overload and unpredictable routines, acts as a significant barrier to care. Clinicians frequently report higher procedural difficulty for these clients, as measured by tools such as the Task Completion Index (TCI). Evidence indicates these patients are five times more likely to have difficulty with vital signs and eight times more likely to undergo physical or pharmacological restraint compared to neurotypical peers. Key management strategies identified include the implementation of “Health Passports” for communicating baseline needs, early identification via EMR flagging, and environmental modifications such as “Low-Stimulation Rooms” and sensory toolkits. Furthermore, adopting behavioral pain scales (e.g., r-FLACC) and “Tell-Show-Do” techniques are essential for accurate assessment and procedural success. Conclusion: Current acute care models are often reactive rather than proactive regarding neurodiversity. Bridging the gap requires a systemic shift towards “support-first” methodologies. By integrating sensory-friendly protocols, leveraging caregiver expertise, and prioritizing staff training, healthcare systems can significantly reduce the reliance on coercive measures and improve clinical outcomes for this vulnerable population, which should be considered a core competency in pediatric emergency medicine. Copyright © 2026 Tehran University of Medical Sciences.