Virtual Histology Staining of Skin Tissue Using Ex Vivo Confocal Microscopy and Deep Learning Publisher



Bagheri M ; Ghannadan A ; Saboohi M ; Daneshpazhooh M ; Atyabi F ; Hejazi M
Source: Journal of Biomedical Physics and Engineering Published:2025

Abstract

Background: The use of Hematoxylin-and-Eosin (H&E) staining is widely accepted as the most reliable method for diagnosing pathological tissues. However, the conventional H&E staining process for tissue sections is time-consuming and requires significant labor. In contrast, Confocal Microscopy (CM) enables quick and high-resolution imaging with minimal tissue preparation by fluorescence detection. However, it seems harder to interpret images from CM than H&E-stained images. Objective: This study aimed to modify an unsupervised deep-learning model to generate H&E-like images from CM images. Material and Methods: This analytical study evaluated the efficacy of CM and virtual H&E staining for skin tumor sections related to Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC). The acridine orange staining, combined with virtual staining techniques, was used to simulate H&E dyes; accordingly, an unsupervised CycleGAN framework, trained to virtually stain CM images was implemented. The training process incorporated adversarial and cycle consistency losses to ensure a precise mapping between CM and H&E images without compromising image content. The quality of the generated images was assessed by comparing them to the original images. Results: The CM images, specifically focusing on subtyping BCC and evaluating skin tissue characteristics, were qualitatively assessed. The H&E-like images generated from CM using the CycleGAN model exhibited both qualitative and quantitative similarities to real H&E images. Conclusion: The integration of CM with deep learning-based virtual staining provides advantages for diagnostic applications by streamlining laboratory staining procedures. © 2025 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.