The Effect of Temperature, Water Hardness, and Exposure Time on Fluoride Toxicity in the Aquatic Environment

Tehran University of Medical Sciences

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The Effect of Temperature, Water Hardness, and Exposure Time on Fluoride Toxicity in the Aquatic Environment

Shamsollahi HR¹ ; Zolghadr Z² ; Mahvi AH³ ; Hosseini SS³ ; Mossavi SN³

Show Affiliations

1. Abadan School of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran
2. Department of Biostatistics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
3. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

Source: Fluoride Published:2015

Abstract

Many studies have measured fluoride toxicity for aquatic organisms with various levels of water quality including the examination of spot samples and the presence of interfering factors. In the present study, the actual fluoride toxicity, the fluoride LC50, was determined without interfering factors present and then after modelling the effects of changes in temperature, water hardness, and exposure time. Fluoride toxicity decreased with increased water hardness and increased with increased temperature and exposure time. This information may help with industrial effluent discharge planning in recipient waters that have a high fluoride content so that fluoride toxicity can be avoided. © 2015 The International Society for Fluoride Research Inc.

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Style	Citing Format
MLA	Shamsollahi HR, et al.. "The Effect of Temperature, Water Hardness, and Exposure Time on Fluoride Toxicity in the Aquatic Environment." Fluoride, vol. 48, no. 4, 2015, pp. 338-344.
APA	Shamsollahi HR, Zolghadr Z, Mahvi AH, Hosseini SS, Mossavi SN (2015). The Effect of Temperature, Water Hardness, and Exposure Time on Fluoride Toxicity in the Aquatic Environment. Fluoride, 48(4), 338-344.
Chicago	Shamsollahi HR, Zolghadr Z, Mahvi AH, Hosseini SS, Mossavi SN. "The Effect of Temperature, Water Hardness, and Exposure Time on Fluoride Toxicity in the Aquatic Environment." Fluoride 48, no. 4 (2015): 338-344.
Harvard	Shamsollahi HR et al. (2015) 'The Effect of Temperature, Water Hardness, and Exposure Time on Fluoride Toxicity in the Aquatic Environment', Fluoride, 48(4), pp. 338-344.
Vancouver	Shamsollahi HR, Zolghadr Z, Mahvi AH, Hosseini SS, Mossavi SN. The Effect of Temperature, Water Hardness, and Exposure Time on Fluoride Toxicity in the Aquatic Environment. Fluoride. 2015;48(4):338-344.
BibTex	@article{ author = {Shamsollahi HR and Zolghadr Z and Mahvi AH and Hosseini SS and Mossavi SN}, title = {The Effect of Temperature, Water Hardness, and Exposure Time on Fluoride Toxicity in the Aquatic Environment}, journal = {Fluoride}, volume = {48}, number = {4}, pages = {338-344}, year = {2015} }
RIS	TY - JOUR AU - Shamsollahi HR AU - Zolghadr Z AU - Mahvi AH AU - Hosseini SS AU - Mossavi SN TI - The Effect of Temperature, Water Hardness, and Exposure Time on Fluoride Toxicity in the Aquatic Environment JO - Fluoride VL - 48 IS - 4 SP - 338 EP - 344 PY - 2015 ER -