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Oral Contraceptives Publisher



Mousavi T1, 2 ; Abdollahi M1, 2
Authors

Source: Encyclopedia of Toxicology# Fourth Edition: Volume 1-9 Published:2023


Abstract

Since 1960, when the first oral contraceptive pill (OCP) got approval by the USFDA for preventing pregnancy, considerable improvements have taken place in the design and development of these medications. As such, the introduction of combined oral contraceptives (COCs) with lower amounts of estrogen along with progestin-only pills (mini-pills) containing second or third-generation progestins has reduced most of the related clinical adverse events and widen their indication to the treatment of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), menstrual disorders, hirsutism, and acne vulgaris. This chapter thoroughly reviews acute, and repeated dose toxicity, genotoxicity, reproductive toxicity, ecotoxicity, nonclinical and clinical safety, and contraindications of the USFDA approved OCPs. © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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