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Global, Regional, and National Burden of Upper Respiratory Infections and Otitis Media, 1990–2021: A Systematic Analysis From the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 Publisher Pubmed



Sirota SB1 ; Doxey MC8 ; Dominguez RMV1 ; Bender RG1, 9 ; Vongpradith A1 ; Albertson SB1 ; Novotney A1 ; Burkart K1, 2 ; Carter A1 ; Abdi P13 ; Abdoun M14, 15 ; Abebe AM16 ; Abegaz KH18 ; Aboagye RG20 Show All Authors
Authors
  1. Sirota SB1
  2. Doxey MC8
  3. Dominguez RMV1
  4. Bender RG1, 9
  5. Vongpradith A1
  6. Albertson SB1
  7. Novotney A1
  8. Burkart K1, 2
  9. Carter A1
  10. Abdi P13
  11. Abdoun M14, 15
  12. Abebe AM16
  13. Abegaz KH18
  14. Aboagye RG20
  15. Abolhassani H25, 41
  16. Abreu LG42
  17. Abualruz H44
  18. Abugharbieh E45, 49
  19. Aburuz S55, 58
  20. Adane MM59
  21. Addo IY61, 63
  22. Adekanmbi V64
  23. Adnani QES66
  24. Adzigbli LA21
  25. Afzal MS69
  26. Afzal S70, 71
  27. Ahinkorah BO72
  28. Ahmad S75, 76
  29. Ahmed A77, 79, 81
  30. Ahmed H80
  31. Ahmed SA77, 79, 81
  32. Akinosoglou K84, 85
  33. Akkaif MA86
  34. Awaidy SA87, 88
  35. Alalalmeh SO89
  36. Albashtawy M91
  37. Albataineh MT92
  38. Algheethi AAS93, 94
  39. Alhalaiqa FN95, 98
  40. Alhassan RK22
  41. Ali A99
  42. Ali L100
  43. Ali MU102, 104
  44. Ali SS105
  45. Ali W106
  46. Almazan JU107
  47. Alqahtani JS108
  48. Alrawashdeh A109
  49. Alrifai RH56
  50. Alshahrani NZ111
  51. Altartoor K112
  52. Altawfiq JA114, 115
  53. Alvisguzman N116, 118
  54. Alworafi YM120, 121
  55. Aly H122
  56. Aly S125, 126
  57. Alzoubi KH50, 110
  58. Alzyoud WA130
  59. Amhare AF131, 132
  60. Amu H23
  61. Amusa GA134, 135
  62. Anil A136, 142
  63. Anvari S143
  64. Anyabolo EE145, 146
  65. Arabloo J147
  66. Arafat M155
  67. Areda D157, 158
  68. Aregawi BB159
  69. Aremu A162
  70. Athari SS164
  71. Aujayeb A166
  72. Aynalem ZB167
  73. Azadnajafabad S168
  74. Azzam AY169, 170
  75. Badar M171
  76. Taghanaki PB172
  77. Bahramian S179
  78. Baig AA184
  79. Bajcetic M185, 188
  80. Balakrishnan S189
  81. Banach M190, 191
  82. Bardhan M192
  83. Barqawi HJ49
  84. Bastan MM26, 148
  85. Batra K193
  86. Batra R194, 195
  87. Behnoush AH198
  88. Beiranvand M199
  89. Belete AG201
  90. Belete MA202
  91. Beloukas A204, 205
  92. Beran A206
  93. Bhardwaj P137, 138
  94. Bhargava A207
  95. Bhat AN208
  96. Bhuiyan MA211
  97. Bitra VR212
  98. Bodunrin AO82
  99. Bogale EK60
  100. Boppana SH213
  101. Borhany H217
  102. Bouaoud S222, 224
  103. Brown CS225, 226
  104. Buonsenso D229, 230
  105. Bustanji Y46, 51
  106. Camera LA231, 232
  107. Castanedaorjuela CA233, 234
  108. Cegolon L236, 237
  109. Cenderadewi M238, 239
  110. Chakraborty S240
  111. Chattu VK241, 242
  112. Cheng ETW243
  113. Chichagi F28
  114. Ching PR244
  115. Chopra H245
  116. Choudhari SG246
  117. Christopher DJ247
  118. Chu DT249
  119. Chukwu IS251
  120. Chung E1, 3
  121. Corlateanu A252
  122. Cruzmartins N253, 255
  123. Dadana S256
  124. Dadras O29, 257
  125. Dahiru T258
  126. Dai X1, 2
  127. Das JK259
  128. Dash NR49
  129. Dashti M260
  130. Dashtkoohi M30, 263
  131. De La Hoz FP235
  132. Debopadhaya S264
  133. Demessa BH265
  134. Demis AB266, 267
  135. Devanbu VGC269
  136. Devegowda D270
  137. Dhama K271
  138. Dhulipala VR272
  139. Diaz D274
  140. Diaz MJ200
  141. Do TC275
  142. Do THP276
  143. Dodangeh M277
  144. Dorostkar F149
  145. Dsouza AC278
  146. Dsouza HL279, 283
  147. Duraisamy S284
  148. Durojaiye OC285
  149. Dziedzic AM287
  150. Eddra A288
  151. Ekholuenetale M289
  152. Ekundayo TC290
  153. Sayed IE292
  154. Eldahiyat F156, 294
  155. Elhadi M295, 296
  156. Elshaer M297
  157. Eslami M300, 301
  158. Eze UA302, 303
  159. Fagbamigbe AF306, 310
  160. Faramarzi A312, 313
  161. Fasina FO315, 316
  162. Ferreira N317
  163. Fischer F318
  164. Fitriana I320
  165. Flor LS1, 2
  166. Gaihre S321
  167. Gajdacs M322
  168. Galehdar N323
  169. Ganiyani MA324, 325
  170. Gebregergis MW160
  171. Gebrehiwot M203
  172. Gebremeskel TG326, 327
  173. Getahun GK329
  174. Getie M330
  175. Ghadiri K331, 332
  176. Ghasemzadeh A260
  177. Ghorbani M173
  178. Goldust M10
  179. Golechha M334
  180. Goleij P333, 335
  181. Gorini G336
  182. Goyal A123
  183. Guan SY337
  184. Guarducci G338
  185. Gudeta MD339
  186. Gupta R139
  187. Gupta S340
  188. Gupta VB341
  189. Gupta VK342
  190. Hadei M31
  191. Hadi NR344
  192. Hajmirzaian A218, 345
  193. Halwani R49, 52
  194. Hamidi S348
  195. Hammoud A349
  196. Hanifi N165
  197. Hanna F350
  198. Haq ZA351
  199. Haque MR352
  200. Mahmudul Hasan SM353
  201. Hasani H150
  202. Hasnain MS354
  203. Hassankhani H261, 355
  204. Haubold J356, 357
  205. Hayat K133, 358
  206. Hegazi OE89
  207. Hezam K359, 360
  208. Holla R280
  209. Hoogar P361
  210. Horita N362, 363
  211. Hostiuc M364
  212. Huynh HH365
  213. Ibitoye SE307
  214. Ilesanmi OS368, 369
  215. Ilic IM186
  216. Ilic MD371
  217. Imam MT372
  218. Isa MA103, 374
  219. Islam MR375
  220. Islam SMS376, 377
  221. Ismail NE381, 382
  222. Iwagami M383, 384
  223. Vinothini J385
  224. Jafarzadeh A386, 388
  225. Jaggi K389, 390
  226. Jairoun AA391
  227. Jakovljevic M392, 393
  228. Jamshidi E216
  229. Jayaram S394
  230. Jeswani BM395
  231. Jha RP396, 397
  232. Jose J209
  233. Joseph N209
  234. Joshua CE398
  235. Jozwiak JJ399
  236. Vaishali K281
  237. Kabir Z400
  238. Kandel H378, 401
  239. Kanmodi KK402, 403
  240. Kant S404
  241. Kantar RS405, 406
  242. Karaye IM407, 408
  243. Behnagh AK151, 152
  244. Kaur N409
  245. Khajuria H411
  246. Khalaji A27, 196
  247. Khamesipour F153, 413
  248. Khan G57
  249. Nuruzzaman Khan M104, 379, 414, 415
  250. Khan M104, 379, 414, 415
  251. Khan MJ104, 379, 414, 415
  252. Kim MS347, 417
  253. Kimokoti RW418
  254. Kochhar S4, 419
  255. Korshunov VA420
  256. Kosen S421
  257. Krishan K422
  258. Krishna H139
  259. Krishnamoorthy V5, 423
  260. Defo BK424, 425
  261. Kuddus MA426, 428
  262. Kuddus M426, 428
  263. Kuitunen I430, 431
  264. Kulimbet M432, 433
  265. Kumar D434
  266. Kurmi OP311, 435
  267. Simhachalam Kutikuppala LV436
  268. Lahariya C437, 438
  269. Lal DK439
  270. Lasrado S440
  271. Latifinaibin K154
  272. Le HH441, 444
  273. Le NHH441, 444
  274. Le TTT443
  275. Le TDT443, 445
  276. Lee SW446
  277. Lee WC65
  278. Li MC447
  279. Li P448
  280. Lim SS1, 2
  281. Liu G73
  282. Liu R449
  283. Liu W451
  284. Liu X11, 124, 342, 452
  285. Liu X11, 124, 342, 452
  286. Lorenzovici L453, 454
  287. Luo L455
  288. Majeed A227
  289. Rad EM32
  290. Malhotra K457, 458, 459
  291. Malik I373
  292. Manilal A460
  293. Mehta B140
  294. Meto TM461
  295. Mekonnen MM462
  296. Meles HN161
  297. Memish ZA463, 464
  298. Mendezlopez MA465
  299. Meo SA466
  300. Merati M27
  301. Mestrovic T1, 468
  302. Mettananda S469, 470
  303. Minh LHN366, 367
  304. Mirrakhimov EM471, 472
  305. Misra AK473
  306. Mohamed AI268, 474
  307. Mohamed NS475, 476
  308. Mohammed M19, 96
  309. Mohammed M19, 96
  310. Mokdad AH1, 2
  311. Monasta L477
  312. Moni MA478, 480
  313. Moodi Ghalibaf A481
  314. Moore CE482
  315. Morawska L483
  316. Motappa R209
  317. Mougin V1
  318. Mousavi P26
  319. Mustafa G484, 486
  320. Naghavi P487
  321. Naik GR327, 488
  322. Nainu F489
  323. Najafi MS33, 34
  324. Najdaghi S180, 181
  325. Najmuldeen HHR490
  326. Nargus S491
  327. Davani DN180
  328. Naser M494
  329. Natto ZS127, 495
  330. Nayak BP411
  331. Nejadghaderi SA197, 387
  332. Nguyen DH346, 496
  333. Nguyen HTH497, 498
  334. Nguyen VT442
  335. Nikolouzakis TK499, 500
  336. Noman EA380, 501
  337. Nriezedi CA502
  338. Nunezsamudio V503, 504
  339. Nwatah VE505, 506
  340. Odetokun IA163
  341. Okekunle AP308, 507
  342. Okonji OC508
  343. Okwute PG509, 510
  344. Olanipekun TO128
  345. Olufadewa II309, 511
  346. Olusanya BO512
  347. Omer GL513, 514
  348. Onyedibe KI515
  349. Ordak M516
  350. Orish VN24, 518
  351. Ortizprado E519
  352. Otstavnov N521
  353. Ouyahia A223, 522
  354. Mahesh Padukudru PA523
  355. Padubidri JR210
  356. Pandey A524, 525
  357. Pantazopoulos I526, 527
  358. Pardhan S528
  359. Parija PP529
  360. Parikh RR530
  361. Park S531
  362. Parthasarathi A533, 534
  363. Pasovic M1
  364. Pathan AR485, 535
  365. Patil S536, 537
  366. Pawar S12
  367. Peprah P343
  368. Perianayagam A97
  369. Perumal D539
  370. Petcu IR540
  371. Pham HN541, 542, 543
  372. Pham HT541, 542, 543
  373. Philip AK544
  374. Pigott DM1, 2
  375. Piracha ZZ545
  376. Poddighe D107, 546
  377. Polibin RV420
  378. Postma MJ67, 548
  379. Pourbabaki R314
  380. Prates EJS43
  381. Puvvula J549
  382. Qazi AS100
  383. Qian G551
  384. Rafferty Q1
  385. Rahim F552, 553
  386. Rahimi M262
  387. Rahimimovaghar V35
  388. Rahman MO427, 554, 555, 556, 557
  389. Rahman M427, 554, 555, 556, 557
  390. Rahman MA427, 554, 555, 556, 557
  391. Rahmanian M219
  392. Rahmanian N144
  393. Rahmanian V558
  394. Rahmati M559
  395. Rajput P560
  396. Ramadan MM49, 298
  397. Ramasamy SK532
  398. Ramesh PS550
  399. Rao IR282
  400. Rao M280
  401. Rao SJ561
  402. Rashedi S197, 562
  403. Rashidi MM26, 220
  404. Rathish D563
  405. Ravikumar N565
  406. Rawaf S227, 566
  407. Redwan EMM567, 568
  408. Reyes LFF569, 571
  409. Rezaei N25, 26, 572
  410. Rezaei N25, 26, 572
  411. Rezahosseini O573
  412. Rizvi SMD429
  413. Rodriguez JAB574, 575
  414. Ronfani L477
  415. Roudashti S182, 183
  416. Roy P576
  417. De Andrade Ruela G577, 578
  418. Saddik BA52, 62
  419. Saeb MR580
  420. Saeed U581, 582
  421. Saeedi P174
  422. Safari M221
  423. Saheb Sharifaskari F53
  424. Saheb Sharifaskari N49
  425. Sahebkar A175, 176
  426. Sahu M583
  427. Sakshaug JW584, 585
  428. Salam N586
  429. Salami AA370, 402
  430. Saleh MA52, 299
  431. Sallam M47, 48
  432. Samodra YL587, 588
  433. Sanjeev RK589
  434. Santricmilicevic MM186, 187
  435. Saravanan A141, 590
  436. Sartorius B2, 479, 591
  437. Sathyanarayan A278
  438. Saulam J592, 593
  439. Saxena S228
  440. Saya GK594
  441. Schaarschmidt BM356
  442. Schumacher AE1
  443. Sedighi M595
  444. Sendekie AK596
  445. Senthilkumaran S597
  446. Sethi Y598
  447. Seyedalinaghi S36
  448. Shafie M37
  449. Shahid S492, 493
  450. Shaikh MA599
  451. Sham S600
  452. Shamshirgaran MA601
  453. Shanawaz M416
  454. Shannawaz M412
  455. Sharifan A38, 39
  456. Sharifirad J602
  457. Shastry RP603
  458. Sheikh A129, 304
  459. Shigematsu M604
  460. Shiri R605
  461. Shittu A606
  462. Shiue I607, 608
  463. Shorofi SA328, 609
  464. Siddig EE78, 610
  465. Simpson CR305, 611
  466. Singh JA612, 614
  467. Singh P616
  468. Singh S136
  469. Sinto R617, 618
  470. Solanki R619, 620
  471. Soliman SSM54
  472. Suleman M105, 621
  473. Suliankatchi Abdulkader RS622
  474. Swain CK623
  475. Szarpak L613, 624
  476. Tabatabaei SM177, 178
  477. Tabish M485
  478. Taha ZMA625
  479. Taiba J626, 627
  480. Talaat IM49, 293
  481. Tamuzi JL628, 629
  482. Taye BT17
  483. Tefera YM630
  484. Temsah MH467
  485. Terefa DR631, 632
  486. Thakur R633
  487. Thapar R209
  488. Thirunavukkarasu S113
  489. Tichopad A634
  490. Ticoalu JHV635
  491. Tovanipalone MR538, 637
  492. Tran NM639
  493. Tran NH74
  494. Duc NTM640
  495. Tsegay GM641
  496. Tumurkhuu M83
  497. Udoakang AJ291
  498. Upadhyay E642
  499. Vahabi SM40
  500. Vaithinathan AG643
  501. Valizadeh R644
  502. Vasankari TJ645, 646
  503. Vinayak M273
  504. Waqas M647, 648
  505. Weldetinsaa HL161
  506. Wickramasinghe ND564
  507. Yadollahpour A286
  508. Yaghoubi S649
  509. Yezli S638
  510. Yin D636
  511. Yon DK615
  512. Yonemoto N570, 579
  513. Yu Y450
  514. Zakham F520, 547
  515. Zandieh GGZ214
  516. Zare I410
  517. Zarimeidani F319
  518. Zastrozhin M250, 254
  519. Zhai C337
  520. Zhang H215, 248
  521. Zhang ZJ456
  522. Zhao Y119
  523. Zhou J117
  524. Zia H6, 101
  525. Zielinska M517
  526. Zoladl M68
  527. Zyoud SH90
  528. Aravkin AY1, 2, 7
  529. Kassebaum NJ1, 2, 5
  530. Naghavi M1, 2
  531. Vos T1, 2
  532. Hay SI1, 2
  533. Murray CJL1, 2
  534. Kyu HH1, 2
Show Affiliations
Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  2. 2. Department of Health Metrics, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  3. 3. Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  4. 4. Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  5. 5. Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  6. 6. Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  7. 7. Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  8. 8. Urban Indian Health Institute, Seattle Indian Health Board, Seattle, WA, United States
  9. 9. School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
  10. 10. Department of Dermatology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
  11. 11. Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
  12. 12. Department of Genetics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
  13. 13. Department of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada
  14. 14. Department of Medicine, University of Setif Algeria, Setif, Algeria
  15. 15. Department of Health, Setif, Algeria
  16. 16. Pediatrics Nursing Department, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
  17. 17. School of Nursing and Midwifery, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
  18. 18. Department of Biostatistics, Madda Walabu University, Bale Robe, Ethiopia
  19. 19. Department of Pharmacy, Madda Walabu University, Bale Robe, Ethiopia
  20. 20. Department of Family and Community Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
  21. 21. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
  22. 22. Institute of Health Research, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
  23. 23. Department of Population and Behavioural Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
  24. 24. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
  25. 25. Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  26. 26. Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  27. 27. School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  28. 28. Department of Scientific Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  29. 29. Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS (IRCHA), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  30. 30. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  31. 31. Department of Health in Emergencies and Disasters, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  32. 32. Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  33. 33. Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  34. 34. Research Center for Advanced Technologies in Cardiovascular Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  35. 35. Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  36. 36. Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  37. 37. Department of Neurology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  38. 38. Sina Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  39. 39. Research Center for Rational Use of Drugs, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  40. 40. Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  41. 41. Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
  42. 42. Department of Pediatric Dentistry of the School of Dentistry, Brazil
  43. 43. Department of Maternal-Child Nursing and Public Health, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
  44. 44. Department of Nursing, Al Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
  45. 45. Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
  46. 46. School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
  47. 47. Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Forensic Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
  48. 48. Department of Clinical Laboratories and Forensic Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
  49. 49. Clinical Sciences Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
  50. 50. Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapeutics, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
  51. 51. Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
  52. 52. College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
  53. 53. Sharjah Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
  54. 54. Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
  55. 55. Department of Therapeutics, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
  56. 56. Institute of Public Health, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
  57. 57. Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
  58. 58. College of Pharmacy, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
  59. 59. College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
  60. 60. Department of Health Promotion and Behavioural Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
  61. 61. Centre for Social Research in Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  62. 62. School of Population Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  63. 63. Quality and Systems Performance Unit, Cancer Institute NSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  64. 64. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
  65. 65. The Department of Family Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
  66. 66. Department of Public Health, Bandung, Indonesia
  67. 67. Center of Excellence in Higher Education for Pharmaceutical Care Innovation, Universitas Padjadjaran (Padjadjaran), Bandung, Indonesia
  68. 68. Department of Nursing, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
  69. 69. Department of Life Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
  70. 70. Department of Community Medicine, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan
  71. 71. Department of Public Health, Public Health Institute, Lahore, Pakistan
  72. 72. School of Public Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  73. 73. School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  74. 74. School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  75. 75. Department of Health and Biological Sciences, Abasyn University, Peshawar, Pakistan
  76. 76. Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
  77. 77. Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
  78. 78. Unit of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
  79. 79. Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
  80. 80. Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
  81. 81. Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
  82. 82. Department of Computer Science, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
  83. 83. Department of Physiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
  84. 84. Department of Internal Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
  85. 85. Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University General Hospital of Patras, Patras, Greece
  86. 86. Department of Cardiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
  87. 87. Department of Communicable Diseases, Ministry of Health, Muscat, Oman
  88. 88. Middle East, Eurasia, and Africa Influenza Stakeholders Network, Muscat, Oman
  89. 89. Department of Clinical Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
  90. 90. Center for Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
  91. 91. Department of Community and Mental Health, Al al-Bayt University, Mafraq, Jordan
  92. 92. Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
  93. 93. Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
  94. 94. Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
  95. 95. College of Nursing, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
  96. 96. QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
  97. 97. Social and Economic Survey Research Institute, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
  98. 98. Psychological Sciences Association, Amman, Jordan
  99. 99. Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
  100. 100. Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences (NUMS), Rawalpindi, Pakistan
  101. 101. Institute of Public Health and Social Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, Pakistan
  102. 102. Department of Medical Rehabilitation (Physiotherapy), University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria
  103. 103. Department of Microbiology, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria
  104. 104. Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
  105. 105. Center for Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Swat, Swat, Pakistan
  106. 106. Department of Geography, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
  107. 107. Department of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan
  108. 108. Department of Respiratory Care, Prince Sultan Military College of Health Sciences, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
  109. 109. Department of Allied Medical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
  110. 110. Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
  111. 111. Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
  112. 112. Otolaryngology Department, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
  113. 113. Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
  114. 114. Department of Specialty Internal Medicine, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
  115. 115. Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
  116. 116. Research Group in Health Economics, Universidad de Cartagena (University of Cartagena), Cartagena, Colombia
  117. 117. Computational Bioscience Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
  118. 118. Research Group in Hospital Management and Health Policies, Universidad de la Costa (University of the), Barranquilla, Colombia
  119. 119. Department of Neurology, Army Medical University, Daping Hospital, Chongqing, China
  120. 120. Department of Medical Sciences, Azal University for Human Development, Sana'a, Yemen
  121. 121. Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of Fujairah, Fujairah, United Arab Emirates
  122. 122. Department of Pediatrics, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
  123. 123. Department of Internal Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
  124. 124. Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
  125. 125. Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
  126. 126. Department of Pediatrics, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  127. 127. Department of Health Policy and Oral Epidemiology, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  128. 128. Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  129. 129. Division of General Internal Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  130. 130. Department of Biomedical Engineering, German Jordanian University, Amman, Jordan
  131. 131. Department of Public Health, Salale University, Fitche, Ethiopia
  132. 132. School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
  133. 133. Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
  134. 134. Department of Medicine, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria
  135. 135. Department of Internal Medicine, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria
  136. 136. Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
  137. 137. Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
  138. 138. School of Public Health, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
  139. 139. Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
  140. 140. Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
  141. 141. Department of Pharmacology and Research, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
  142. 142. All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
  143. 143. Regenerative Medicine, Organ Procurement and Transplantation Multi-disciplinary Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
  144. 144. Inflammatory Lung Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
  145. 145. Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria
  146. 146. Operations Department, Breast Without Spot, Enugu, Nigeria
  147. 147. Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  148. 148. School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  149. 149. Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  150. 150. Department of Ophthalmology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  151. 151. Endocrine Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  152. 152. Department of Echocardiography, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  153. 153. Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  154. 154. Department of Anesthesiology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  155. 155. College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
  156. 156. AAU Health and Biomedical Research Center, Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
  157. 157. College of Art and Science, Ottawa University, Surprise, AZ, United States
  158. 158. School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
  159. 159. College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia
  160. 160. Department of Midwifery, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia
  161. 161. Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia
  162. 162. Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
  163. 163. Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
  164. 164. Department of Immunology, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
  165. 165. Department of Critical Care and Emergency Nursing, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
  166. 166. Northumbria HealthCare NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
  167. 167. Department of Nursing, Injibara University, Injibara, Ethiopia
  168. 168. Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
  169. 169. Montefiore-Einstein Cerebrovascular Research Lab, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
  170. 170. Faculty of Medicine, October 6 University, 6th of October City, Egypt
  171. 171. Gomal Center of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan
  172. 172. Department of Biostatistics, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
  173. 173. Orthodontics Department, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
  174. 174. Endodontics Department, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
  175. 175. Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
  176. 176. Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
  177. 177. Department of Medical Informatics, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
  178. 178. Clinial Research Development Unit, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
  179. 179. School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
  180. 180. Heart Failure Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
  181. 181. Neuroscience Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
  182. 182. Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non Communicable Disease (PPNCD), Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
  183. 183. Vice Chancellery of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
  184. 184. International Medical School, Management and Science University, Alam, Malaysia
  185. 185. Department of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
  186. 186. Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
  187. 187. School of Public Health and Health Management, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
  188. 188. Department for Clinical Pharmacology, University Children Hospital, Belgrade, Serbia
  189. 189. Division of Biological Sciences, Tamil Nadu State Council for Science and Technology, Chennai, India
  190. 190. Department of Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
  191. 191. Polish Mothers' Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland
  192. 192. Miami Cancer Institute, Baptist Health South Florida, Miami, FL, United States
  193. 193. Department of Medical Education, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, United States
  194. 194. School of Public Health, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, United States
  195. 195. IT Department, Coforge, GA, United States
  196. 196. Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran, Iran
  197. 197. Department of Epidemiology, Tehran, Iran
  198. 198. Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center (NCDRC), Tehran, Iran
  199. 199. Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
  200. 200. College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
  201. 201. Medical Laboratory Science, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
  202. 202. Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
  203. 203. Department of Environmental Health, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
  204. 204. Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of West Attica, Athens, Greece
  205. 205. National AIDS Reference Center of Southern Greece, University of West Attica, Athens, Greece
  206. 206. School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, United States
  207. 207. Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
  208. 208. Department of General Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
  209. 209. Department of Community Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
  210. 210. Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
  211. 211. Department of Pharmacy, University of Asia Pacific, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  212. 212. Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
  213. 213. Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
  214. 214. Department of Radiology, Baltimore, MD, United States
  215. 215. Department of International Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
  216. 216. Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
  217. 217. Internal Medicine Department, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  218. 218. Obesity Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  219. 219. Student Research Committee, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  220. 220. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  221. 221. Department of Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  222. 222. Department of Medicine, University Ferhat Abbas of Setif, Setif, Algeria
  223. 223. Faculty of Medicine, University Ferhat Abbas of Setif, Setif, Algeria
  224. 224. Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University Hospital Saadna Abdenour, Setif, Algeria
  225. 225. HCAI, Fungal, AMR, AMU, & Sepsis Division, United Kingdom Health Security Agency, London, United Kingdom
  226. 226. Department of Infection, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  227. 227. Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  228. 228. School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  229. 229. Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS (Agostino Gemelli University Polyclinic), Rome, Italy
  230. 230. Global Health Research Institute, Universita Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (Catholic University of Sacred), Rome, Italy
  231. 231. Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires (Italian Hospital of Buenos), Buenos Aires, Argentina
  232. 232. Board of Directors, Argentine Society of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
  233. 233. Colombian National Health Observatory, Instituto Nacional de Salud (National Institute of Health), Bogota, Colombia
  234. 234. Epidemiology and Public Health Evaluation Group, National University of Colombia, Bogota, Colombia
  235. 235. Department of Public Health, National University of Colombia, Bogota, Colombia
  236. 236. Department of Medical, Surgical, and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
  237. 237. Public Health Unit, University Health Agency Giuliano-Isontina (ASUGI), Trieste, Italy
  238. 238. College of Public Health, Medical, and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
  239. 239. Department of Public Health, University of Mataram, Mataram, Indonesia
  240. 240. State Disease Investigation Laboratory, Animal Resources Development Department, Agartala, India
  241. 241. Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
  242. 242. Department of Community Medicine, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Sawangi, India
  243. 243. Department of Paediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
  244. 244. Division of Infectious Diseases, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
  245. 245. Centre for Research Impact & Outcome, Chitkara University, Rajpura, India
  246. 246. Department of Community Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Wardha, India
  247. 247. Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Christian Medical College and Hospital (CMC), Vellore, India
  248. 248. School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
  249. 249. Center for Biomedicine and Community Health, International School, Vietnam National University Hanoi (VNUIS), Hanoi, Viet Nam
  250. 250. Department of Administration, PGxAI, San Francisco, CA, United States
  251. 251. Department of Paediatric Surgery, Federal Medical Centre, Umuahia, Nigeria
  252. 252. Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Nicolae Testemitanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Chisinau, Moldova
  253. 253. Department of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technologies, Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politecnico e Universitario (Polytechnic and University Higher Education), Vila Nova de Famalicao, Portugal
  254. 254. Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutical Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
  255. 255. Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  256. 256. Department of Internal Medicine, Cheyenne Regional Medical Center, Cheyenne, WY, United States
  257. 257. Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
  258. 258. Department of Community Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
  259. 259. Division of Women and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
  260. 260. Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  261. 261. School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  262. 262. Cardiovascular Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  263. 263. Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Vali-EAsr Reproductive Health Research Center, Family Health Research Institute, Tehran, Iran
  264. 264. Medical College, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
  265. 265. USAID-JSI Digital Health Activity, Jimma University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  266. 266. Department of Nursing, Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia
  267. 267. School of Nursing, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
  268. 268. Institute of Health Science, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
  269. 269. Chettinad Hospital & Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Chennai, India
  270. 270. JSS Medical College Department of Biochemistry, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara University, Mysuru, India
  271. 271. Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
  272. 272. The Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
  273. 273. Department of Cardiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
  274. 274. Faculty of Science, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
  275. 275. Department of Medicine, Pham Ngoc Thach University of Medicine, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
  276. 276. Department of Medicine, Can Tho University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Can Tho, Viet Nam
  277. 277. Department of Biostatistics, Independent Consultant, Tehran, Iran
  278. 278. Department of Medicine, Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute, Bangalore, India
  279. 279. Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
  280. 280. Kasturba Medical College Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
  281. 281. Department of Physiotherapy, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
  282. 282. Department of Nephrology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
  283. 283. Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Kasturba Medical College Mangalore, Mangalore, India
  284. 284. Faculty of Science and Humanities, Sri Ramaswamy Memorial Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, India
  285. 285. Department of Infection and Tropical Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
  286. 286. Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
  287. 287. Department of Conservative Dentistry with Endodontics, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
  288. 288. Higher School of Technology, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Beni Mellal, Morocco
  289. 289. Faculty of Science and Health, University of Portsmouth, Hampshire, United Kingdom
  290. 290. Department of Microbiology, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo, Nigeria
  291. 291. Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo, Nigeria
  292. 292. Biomedical Informatics and Medical Statistics Department, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
  293. 293. Department of Pathology, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
  294. 294. Clinical Pharmacy Program, Al Ain University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
  295. 295. Faculty of Medicine, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya
  296. 296. Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
  297. 297. Department of Clinical Pathology, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
  298. 298. Department of Cardiology, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
  299. 299. Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
  300. 300. Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
  301. 301. Cancer Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Scinces, Semnan, Iran
  302. 302. Department of Ophthalmology, Federal Medical Centre, Asaba, Nigeria
  303. 303. Postgraduate School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
  304. 304. Centre for Medical Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
  305. 305. Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
  306. 306. Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  307. 307. Department of Health Promotion and Education, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  308. 308. College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  309. 309. Faculty of Public Health, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  310. 310. Research Centre for Healthcare and Community, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
  311. 311. Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
  312. 312. Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  313. 313. Department of Otolaryngology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  314. 314. Department of Occupational Health and Safety Engineering, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  315. 315. Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
  316. 316. Animal Production and Health Division (EMPRES), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
  317. 317. Department of Social Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus
  318. 318. Institute of Public Health, Charite Universitatsmedizin Berlin (Charite Medical University), Berlin, Germany
  319. 319. Student Research Committee, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
  320. 320. Department of Pharmacology, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
  321. 321. Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
  322. 322. Department of Oral Biology and Experimental Dental Research, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
  323. 323. Faculty of Paramedicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
  324. 324. Department of General Medicine, Grant Medical College & Sir J.J. Group of Hospitals, Mumbai, India
  325. 325. Department of Medicine, Miami Cancer Institute, Miami, FL, United States
  326. 326. Department of Reproductive and Family Health, Axum College of Health Science, Axum, Ethiopia
  327. 327. College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  328. 328. Department of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  329. 329. Department of Public Health, Menelik II Medical and Health Science College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  330. 330. Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  331. 331. Infectious Disease Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  332. 332. Pediatric Department, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  333. 333. Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  334. 334. Department of Health Systems and Policy Research, Indian Institute of Public Health, Gandhinagar, India
  335. 335. Department of Genetics, Sana Institute of Higher Education, Sari, Iran
  336. 336. Oncological Network, Prevention and Research Institute, Institute for Cancer Research, Prevention and Clinical Network, Florence, Italy
  337. 337. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
  338. 338. Post Graduate School of Public Health, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
  339. 339. Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
  340. 340. Department of Toxicology, Shriram Institute for Industrial Research, Delhi, India
  341. 341. School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
  342. 342. Faculty of Medicine Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  343. 343. Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  344. 344. Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, University of Kufa, Najaf, Iraq
  345. 345. Department of Radiology, Boston, MA, United States
  346. 346. Division of Cardiology, Boston, MA, United States
  347. 347. Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
  348. 348. School of Health and Environmental Studies, Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
  349. 349. Department of Medical and Technical Information Technology, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
  350. 350. Department of Health and Education, Torrens University Australia, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  351. 351. The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
  352. 352. Department of Population Sciences, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  353. 353. Department of Biomedical Engineering and Public Health, World University of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  354. 354. Department of Pharmacy, Palamau Institute of Pharmacy, Daltonganj, India
  355. 355. Independent Consultant, Tabriz, Iran
  356. 356. Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
  357. 357. Institute of Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
  358. 358. Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
  359. 359. Department of Microbiology, Taiz University, Taiz, Yemen
  360. 360. School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
  361. 361. School of Social Sciences, The Apollo University, Chittoor, India
  362. 362. Department of Pulmonology, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
  363. 363. National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
  364. 364. Department of Internal Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  365. 365. International Master Program for Translational Science, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
  366. 366. International Ph.D. Program in Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
  367. 367. Research Center for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
  368. 368. West Africa RCC, Africa Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Abuja, Nigeria
  369. 369. Department of Community Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  370. 370. Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  371. 371. Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
  372. 372. Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al Kharj, Saudi Arabia
  373. 373. Department of Electrical Engineering, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al Kharj, Saudi Arabia
  374. 374. Department of Biotechnology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India
  375. 375. School of Pharmacy, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  376. 376. Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia
  377. 377. Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  378. 378. Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  379. 379. Department of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  380. 380. School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  381. 381. Department of Clinical Pharmacy & Pharmacy Practice, Asian Institute of Medicine, Science and Technology, Bedong, Malaysia
  382. 382. Malaysian Academy of Pharmacy, Puchong, Malaysia
  383. 383. Department of Health Services Research, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
  384. 384. Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
  385. 385. Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Gorakhpur, India
  386. 386. Department of Immunology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
  387. 387. HIV/STI Surveillance Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
  388. 388. Department of Immunology, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
  389. 389. Department of Nephrology, San Mateo Medical Center, San Mateo, CA, United States
  390. 390. Department of Nephrology, Mills Peninsula Medical Center, Burlingame, CA, United States
  391. 391. Department of Health and Safety, Dubai Municipality, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
  392. 392. The World Academy of Sciences UNESCO, Trieste, Italy
  393. 393. Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, China
  394. 394. Department of Biochemistry, Government Medical College, Mysuru, India
  395. 395. Department of Internal Medicine, GCS Medical College, Hospital & Research Centre, Ahmedabad, India
  396. 396. Department of Community Medicine, Dr. Baba Saheb Ambedkar Medical College & Hospital, Delhi, India
  397. 397. Department of Community Medicine, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
  398. 398. Department of Economics, National Open University, Benin City, Nigeria
  399. 399. Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Opole, Opole, Poland
  400. 400. School of Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
  401. 401. Sydney Eye Hospital, South Eastern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  402. 402. Faculty of Dentistry, University of Puthisastra, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
  403. 403. Office of the Executive Director, Cephas Health Research Initiative Inc, Ibadan, Nigeria
  404. 404. Department of Respiratory Medicine, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India
  405. 405. The Hansjorg Wyss Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Nab'a Al-Hayat Foundation for Medical Sciences and Health Care, New York, NY, United States
  406. 406. Cleft Lip and Palate Surgery Division, Global Smile Foundation, Norwood, MA, United States
  407. 407. School of Health Professions and Human Services, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, United States
  408. 408. Department of Anesthesiology, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States
  409. 409. Department of ENT, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar State Institute of Medical Sciences, Mohali, India
  410. 410. Research and Development Department, Sina Medical Biochemistry Technologies, Shiraz, Iran
  411. 411. Amity Institute of Forensic Sciences, Amity University, Noida, India
  412. 412. Amity Institute of Public Health, Amity University, Noida, India
  413. 413. Halal Research Centre of IRI, Iran Food and Drug Administration, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
  414. 414. Population Science Department, Jatiya Kabi Kazi Nazrul Islam University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
  415. 415. Department of Epidemiology, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
  416. 416. Department of Health Education and Promotion, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
  417. 417. Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
  418. 418. Millennium Prevention, Inc., Westwood, MA, United States
  419. 419. Global Healthcare Consulting, New Delhi, India
  420. 420. Department of Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
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  422. 422. Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
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  424. 424. Department of Demography, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
  425. 425. Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
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  427. 427. Department of Population Science and Human Resource Development, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
  428. 428. Department of Biochemistry, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
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  439. 439. Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
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  441. 441. Faculty of Medicine, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
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  443. 443. University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
  444. 444. Department of Cardiovascular Research, Methodist Hospital, Merrillville, IN, United States
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  450. 450. School of Public Health and Management, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
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  452. 452. Department of Quantitative Health Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
  453. 453. Department of Health Economics, Syreon Research Romania, Targu Mures, Romania
  454. 454. Department of Doctoral Studies, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Targu Mures, Targu Mures, Romania
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  462. 462. Department of Nursing, Salale University, Fiche, Ethiopia
  463. 463. College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  464. 464. Research & Innovation Center, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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  467. 467. Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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  471. 471. Internal Medicine Programme, Kyrgyz State Medical Academy, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
  472. 472. Department of Atherosclerosis and Coronary Heart Disease, National Center of Cardiology and Internal Disease, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
  473. 473. Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Mangalagiri, India
  474. 474. College of Health Science, University of Hargeisa, Hargeisa, Somalia
  475. 475. Molecular Biology Unit, Sirius Training and Research Centre, Khartoum, Sudan
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  485. 485. Department of Pharmacology, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia
  486. 486. Department of Pediatrics & Pediatric Pulmonology, Institute of Mother & Child Care, Multan, Pakistan
  487. 487. Department of Computer Science, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
  488. 488. Department of Engineering, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  489. 489. Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
  490. 490. Department of Medical Laboratory Analysis, Cihan University Sulaymaniya, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
  491. 491. University Institute of Public Health, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
  492. 492. Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
  493. 493. Research Centre for Health Sciences (RCHS), The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
  494. 494. Emergency Department, Zayed Military Hospital, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
  495. 495. Department of Dental Public Health, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
  496. 496. Department of Medical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
  497. 497. Faculty of Medicine, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam
  498. 498. Institue for Research and Training in Medicine, Biology and Pharmacy, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam
  499. 499. Department of General Surgery, University Hospital of Heraklion, Heraklion, Greece
  500. 500. Laboratory of Toxicology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
  501. 501. Faculty of Applied Sciences and Technology, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Johor, Malaysia
  502. 502. Department of Paediatrics, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria
  503. 503. Unit of Microbiology and Public Health, Instituto de Ciencias Medicas, Las Tablas, Panama
  504. 504. Department of Public Health, Ministry of Health, Herrera, Panama
  505. 505. Department of Pediatrics, National Hospital Abuja, Abuja, Nigeria
  506. 506. Department of International Public Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
  507. 507. Department of Food and Nutrition, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
  508. 508. School of Pharmacy, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
  509. 509. Department of Medical Physiology, Babcock University, Ilisan-Remo, Nigeria
  510. 510. Department of Medical Physiology, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
  511. 511. Slum and Rural Health Initiative Research Academy, Slum and Rural Health Initiative, Ibadan, Nigeria
  512. 512. Centre for Healthy Start Initiative, Lagos, Nigeria
  513. 513. Surgery Department, Sulaimani University, Sulaimani, Iraq
  514. 514. ENT Department, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Rome, Italy
  515. 515. Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, GA, United States
  516. 516. Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutical Care, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
  517. 517. Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacogenomics, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
  518. 518. Sickle Cell Unit, Ho Teaching Hospital, Ho, Ghana
  519. 519. One Health Global Research Group, Universidad de las Americas (University of the), Quito, Ecuador
  520. 520. Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
  521. 521. Laboratory of Public Health Indicators Analysis and Health Digitalization, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russian Federation
  522. 522. Division of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital of Setif, Setif, Algeria
  523. 523. Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara University, Mysore, India
  524. 524. Research Department, Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal
  525. 525. Research Department, Public Health Research Society Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal
  526. 526. Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
  527. 527. Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
  528. 528. Vision and Eye Research Institute, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
  529. 529. Department of Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jammu, India
  530. 530. Department of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
  531. 531. Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
  532. 532. Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
  533. 533. Center for Pharmacoepidemiology and Treatment Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
  534. 534. Research Center, Allergy Asthma and Chest Center, Mysore, India
  535. 535. Research Consultancy, Author Gate Publications, Malegaon, India
  536. 536. College of Dental Medicine, Roseman University of Health Sciences, South Jordan, UT, United States
  537. 537. Centre of Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics (COMManD), Saveetha University, Chennai, India
  538. 538. Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
  539. 539. Commission of Academic Accreditation, Ministry of Education, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
  540. 540. Department of Statistics and Econometrics, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania
  541. 541. Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
  542. 542. Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
  543. 543. Department of Internal Medicine, Weiss Memorial Hospital, Chicago, IL, United States
  544. 544. School of Pharmacy, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman
  545. 545. International Center of Medical Sciences Research, Islamabad, Pakistan
  546. 546. Clinical Academic Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center (UMC), Astana, Kazakhstan
  547. 547. Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hodeidah University, Hodeidah, Yemen
  548. 548. University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
  549. 549. Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
  550. 550. Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
  551. 551. Department of Cardiology, Guiqian International General Hospital, Guiyang, China
  552. 552. Department of Medical Laboratory Technologies, Alnoor University, Mousl, Iraq
  553. 553. Al-Noor Center of Research and Innovation, Alnoor University, Mousl, Iraq
  554. 554. National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Center for Surveillance, Immunization, and Epidemiologic Research, Tokyo, Japan
  555. 555. Center for Evidence-Based Medicine and Clinical Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  556. 556. Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Federation University Australia, Berwick, VIC, Australia
  557. 557. School of Nursing and Midwifery, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  558. 558. Department of Public Health, Torbat Jam Faculty of Medical Sciences, Torbat Jam, Iran
  559. 559. CEReSS-Health Service Research and Quality of Life Center, AixMarseille University, Marseille, France
  560. 560. Centre for Chronic Disease Control, New Delhi, India
  561. 561. Department of Oral Pathology, Microbiology and Forensic Odontology, Sharavathi Dental College and Hospital, Shimogga, India
  562. 562. Thrombosis Research Group, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
  563. 563. Department of Family Medicine, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka
  564. 564. Department of Community Medicine, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka
  565. 565. Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
  566. 566. Academic Public Health England, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
  567. 567. Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
  568. 568. Department of Protein Research, Research and Academic Institution, Alexandria, Egypt
  569. 569. Unisabana Center for Translational Science, Universidad de La Sabana (Savannah), Chia, Colombia
  570. 570. Department of Public Health, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
  571. 571. Critical Care Department, Clinica Universidad De La Sabana (Savannah University), Chia, Colombia
  572. 572. Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
  573. 573. Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
  574. 574. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
  575. 575. Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
  576. 576. Department of Labour, Directorate of Factories, Government of West Bengal, Kolkata, India
  577. 577. Juiz de For a Federal University, Advanced Campus Governador Valadares, Governador Valadares, Brazil
  578. 578. Nursing Department, Universidade Presidente Antonio Carlos (President Antonio Carlos), Governador Valadares, Brazil
  579. 579. Department of Biostatistics, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
  580. 580. Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, International Medical University, Gdansk, Poland
  581. 581. Clinical and Biomedical Research Center, Foundation University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
  582. 582. International Center of Medical Sciences Research (ICMSR), Islamabad, Pakistan
  583. 583. Department of Preventive & Social Medicine, All India Institute of Hygiene & Public Health, Kolkata, India
  584. 584. LMUMunich, Munich, Germany
  585. 585. Institute for Employment Research, Nuremberg, Germany
  586. 586. Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
  587. 587. Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
  588. 588. Benang Merah Research Center, Minahasa Utara, Indonesia
  589. 589. Department of Pediatrics, Sree Balaji Medical College and Hospital, Chennai, India
  590. 590. Indira Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Puducherry, India
  591. 591. Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
  592. 592. Department of Medical Informatics, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Japan
  593. 593. Food Processing and Nutrition, Karnataka State Akkamahadevi Women's University, Vijayapura, India
  594. 594. Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India
  595. 595. Department of Microbiology, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
  596. 596. Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  597. 597. Emergency Department, Manian Medical Centre, Erode, India
  598. 598. Department of Medicine and Surgery, Government Doon Medical College, Dehradun, India
  599. 599. Independent Consultant, Karachi, Pakistan
  600. 600. Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Northwell Health, New York, NY, United States
  601. 601. Department of Pathobiology, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
  602. 602. Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
  603. 603. Yenepoya Research Center, Yenepoya University, Mangalore, India
  604. 604. National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
  605. 605. Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
  606. 606. Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Sokoto, Nigeria
  607. 607. Oulu Business School, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
  608. 608. Martti Ahtisaari Institute, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
  609. 609. Department of Medical-Surgical Nursing, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
  610. 610. Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, Netherlands
  611. 611. School of Health, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
  612. 612. School of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
  613. 613. Henry JN Taub Department of Emergency Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
  614. 614. Medicine Service, US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), Houston, TX, United States
  615. 615. Department of Pediatrics, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
  616. 616. Department of Radiodiagnosis, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda, India
  617. 617. Department of Internal Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jakarta Pusat, Indonesia
  618. 618. Department of Internal Medicine, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National Hospital, Jakarta Pusat, Indonesia
  619. 619. Department of Systemic Pathology, Touro College of Osteopathic Medicine, Middletown, NY, United States
  620. 620. Department of Pathology, American University, The Caribbean School of Medicine, Cupecoy, Saint Martin, United States
  621. 621. School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
  622. 622. National Institute of Epidemiology, Indian Council of Medical Research, Chennai, India
  623. 623. Department of Analytical and Applied Economics, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, India
  624. 624. Department of Clinical Research and Development, LUXMED Group, Warsaw, Poland
  625. 625. Duhok Research Centre, University of Duhok, Duhok, Iraq
  626. 626. Department of Environmental, Agricultural and Occupational Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
  627. 627. Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute, Chennai, India
  628. 628. Department of Epidemiology, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
  629. 629. Department of Medicine, Northlands Medical Group, Omuthiya, Namibia
  630. 630. Department of Public Health, Dire Dawa University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
  631. 631. Outpatient Department, Wollega University, Bedele town, Ethiopia
  632. 632. Department of Public Health, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
  633. 633. School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, India
  634. 634. Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Czech Technical University, Prague, Czech Republic
  635. 635. Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Sam Ratulangi (Sam Ratulangi University), Manado, Indonesia
  636. 636. Department of Epidemiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
  637. 637. SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology (SRMIST), Chennai, India
  638. 638. Biostatics, Epidemiology, and Science Computing Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  639. 639. Department of Health, Children's Hospital 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
  640. 640. Molecular Neuroscience Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
  641. 641. Department of Nursing, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia
  642. 642. Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India
  643. 643. College of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Bahrain, Zallaq, Bahrain
  644. 644. Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
  645. 645. UKK Institute, Tampere, Finland
  646. 646. Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
  647. 647. Key Laboratory of Computer-Aided Drug Design, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
  648. 648. Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Hazara University Mansehra, Mansehra, Pakistan
  649. 649. Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran

Source: The Lancet Infectious Diseases Published:2025


Abstract

Background: Upper respiratory infections (URIs) are the leading cause of acute disease incidence worldwide and contribute to a substantial health-care burden. Although acute otitis media is a common complication of URIs, the combined global burden of URIs and otitis media has not been studied comprehensively. We used results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2021 to explore the fatal and non-fatal burden of the two diseases across all age groups, including a granular analysis of children younger than 5 years, in 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2021. Methods: Mortality due to URIs and otitis media was estimated with use of vital registration and sample-based vital registration data, which are used as inputs to the Cause of Death Ensemble model to separately model URIs and otitis media mortality by age and sex. Morbidity was modelled with a Bayesian meta-regression tool using data from published studies identified via systematic reviews, population-based survey data, and cause-specific URI and otitis media mortality estimates. Additionally, we assessed and compared the burden of otitis media as it relates to URIs and examined the collective burden and contributing risk factors of both diseases. Findings: The global number of new episodes of URIs was 12·8 billion (95% uncertainty interval 11·4 to 14·5) for all ages across males and females in 2021. The global all-age incidence rate of URIs decreased by 10·1% (–12·0 to –8·1) from 1990 to 2019. From 2019 to 2021, the global all-age incidence rate fell by 0·5% (–0·8 to –0·1). Globally, the incidence rate of URIs was 162 484·8 per 100 000 population (144 834·0 to 183 289·4) in 2021, a decrease of 10·5% (–12·4 to –8·4) from 1990, when the incidence rate was 181 552·5 per 100 000 population (160 827·4 to 206 214·7). The highest incidence rates of URIs were seen in children younger than 2 years in 2021, and the largest number of episodes was in children aged 5–9 years. The number of new episodes of otitis media globally for all ages was 391 million (292 to 525) in 2021. The global incidence rate of otitis media was 4958·9 per 100 000 (3705·4 to 6658·6) in 2021, a decrease of 16·3% (–18·1 to –14·0) from 1990, when the incidence rate was 5925·5 per 100 000 (4371·8 to 8097·9). The incidence rate of otitis media in 2021 was highest in children younger than 2 years, and the largest number of episodes was in children aged 2–4 years. The mortality rate of URIs in 2021 was 0·2 per 100 000 (0·1 to 0·5), a decrease of 64·2% (–84·6 to –43·4) from 1990, when the mortality rate was 0·7 per 100 000 (0·2 to 1·1). In both 1990 and 2021, the mortality rate of otitis media was less than 0·1 per 100 000. Together, the combined burden accounted for by URIs and otitis media in 2021 was 6·86 million (4·24 to 10·4) years lived with disability and 8·16 million (4·99 to 12·0) disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for all ages across males and females. Globally, the all-age DALY rate of URIs and otitis media combined in 2021 was 103 per 100 000 (63 to 152). Infants aged 1–5 months had the highest combined DALY rate in 2021 (647 per 100 000 [189 to 1412]), followed by early neonates (aged 0–6 days; 582 per 100 000 [176 to 1297]) and late neonates (aged 7–24 days; 482 per 100 000 [161 to 1052]). Interpretation: The findings of this study highlight the widespread burden posed by URIs and otitis media across all age groups and both sexes. There is a continued need for surveillance, prevention, and management to better understand and reduce the burden associated with URIs and otitis media, and research is needed to assess their impacts on individuals, communities, economies, and health-care systems worldwide. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
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