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Worldwide Trends in Blood Pressure From 1975 to 2015: A Pooled Analysis of 1479 Population-Based Measurement Studies With 19·1 Million Participants Publisher Pubmed



Zhou B1 ; Bentham J1 ; Di Cesare M2 ; Bixby H1 ; Danaei G367 ; Cowan MJ3 ; Paciorek CJ4 ; Singh G5 ; Hajifathalian K367 ; Bennett JE1 ; Taddei C1 ; Bilano V1 ; Carrillolarco RM6 ; Djalalinia S7, 38 Show All Authors
Authors
  1. Zhou B1
  2. Bentham J1
  3. Di Cesare M2
  4. Bixby H1
  5. Danaei G367
  6. Cowan MJ3
  7. Paciorek CJ4
  8. Singh G5
  9. Hajifathalian K367
  10. Bennett JE1
  11. Taddei C1
  12. Bilano V1
  13. Carrillolarco RM6
  14. Djalalinia S7, 38
  15. Khatibzadeh S8
  16. Lugero C9
  17. Peykari N7, 38
  18. Zhang WZ9
  19. Lu Y10
  20. Stevens GA3
  21. Riley LM3
  22. Bovet P11, 12
  23. Elliott P1
  24. Gu D13
  25. Ikeda N14
  26. Jackson RT15
  27. Joffres M16
  28. Kengne AP17
  29. Laatikainen T18
  30. Lam TH19
  31. Laxmaiah A20
  32. Liu J21
  33. Miranda JJ6
  34. Mondo CK9
  35. Neuhauser HK22
  36. Sundstrom J23
  37. Smeeth L24
  38. Soric M25
  39. Woodward M26, 27
  40. Ezzati M1
  41. Abarcagomez L28
  42. Abdeen ZA29
  43. Rahim HA30
  44. Aburmeileh NM31
  45. Acostacazares B32
  46. Adams R33
  47. Aekplakorn W34
  48. Afsana K35
  49. Aguilarsalinas CA36
  50. Agyemang C37
  51. Ahmadvand A38
  52. Ahrens W39
  53. Al Raddadi R40
  54. Al Woyatan R41
  55. Ali MM42
  56. Alkerwi A43
  57. Aly E42
  58. Amouyel P44
  59. Amuzu A24
  60. Andersen LB45
  61. Anderssen SA46
  62. Angquist L47
  63. Anjana RM48
  64. Ansong D49
  65. Aounallahskhiri H50
  66. Araujo J51
  67. Ariansen I52
  68. Aris T53
  69. Arlappa N20
  70. Aryal K54
  71. Arveiler D55
  72. Assah FK56
  73. Assuncao MCF57
  74. Avdicova M58
  75. Azevedo A59
  76. Azizi F60
  77. Babu BV61
  78. Bahijri S62
  79. Balakrishna N20
  80. Bandosz P63
  81. Banegas JR64
  82. Barbagallo CM65
  83. Barcelo A66
  84. Barkat A67
  85. Barros AJD57
  86. Barros MV68
  87. Bata I69
  88. Batieha AM70
  89. Baur LA26
  90. Beaglehole R15
  91. Romdhane HB71
  92. Benet M72
  93. Benson LS73
  94. Bernabeortiz A6
  95. Bernotiene G74
  96. Bettiol H75
  97. Bhagyalaxmi A76
  98. Bharadwaj S77
  99. Bhargava SK78
  100. Bi Y79
  101. Bikbov M80
  102. Bjerregaard P81, 82
  103. Bjertness E83
  104. Bjorkelund C84
  105. Blokstra A85
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  107. Bobak M87
  108. Boeing H88
  109. Boggia JG89
  110. Boissonnet CP90
  111. Bongard V91
  112. Braeckman L92
  113. Brajkovich I93
  114. Branca F3
  115. Breckenkamp J94
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  117. Brewster LM37
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  119. Buenodemesquita HB85
  120. Bugge A81
  121. Burns C96
  122. Bursztyn M97
  123. De Leon AC98
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  137. Chan Q1
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  139. Chaturvedi N87
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  141. Chen F111
  142. Chen H112
  143. Chen S113
  144. Chen Z27
  145. Cheng CY108
  146. Dekkaki IC67
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  149. Chiou ST116
  150. Chiritaemandi A117
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  170. Damasceno A131
  171. Dankner R114
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  176. De Gaetano G125
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  302. Hwalla N218
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  316. Jelakovic B225
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  325. Kaaks R95
  326. Kafatos A230
  327. Kalterleibovici O114
  328. Kamaruddin NA231
  329. Kasaeian A7
  330. Katz J232
  331. Kauhanen J233
  332. Kaur P234
  333. Kavousi M134
  334. Kazakbaeva G80
  335. Keil U235
  336. Boker LK236
  337. Keinanenkiukaanniemi S206
  338. Kelishadi R237
  339. Kemper HCG238
  340. Kersting M239
  341. Key T27
  342. Khader YS70
  343. Khalili D60
  344. Khang YH240
  345. Khaw KT241
  346. Kiechl S242
  347. Killewo J243
  348. Kim J244
  349. Klumbiene J74
  350. Kolle E46
  351. Kolsteren P245
  352. Korrovits P246
  353. Koskinen S18
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  355. Koziel S247
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  361. Kuciene R74
  362. Kuh D87
  363. Kujala UM251
  364. Kula K147
  365. Kulaga Z187
  366. Krishna Kumar R252
  367. Kurjata P145
  368. Kusuma YS253
  369. Kuulasmaa K18
  370. Kyobutungi C254
  371. Lachat C92
  372. Landrove O255
  373. Lanska V186
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  375. Larijani B257
  376. Laugsand LE224
  377. Le Nguyen Bao K139
  378. Le TD139
  379. Leclercq C258
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  381. Lee J259
  382. Lehtimaki T260
  383. Rampal L261
  384. Leonmunoz LM64
  385. Levitt NS262
  386. Li Y367
  387. Lilly CL263
  388. Lim WY259
  389. Limacosta MF264
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  392. Linneberg A132
  393. Lissner L84
  394. Litwin M187
  395. Lorbeer R267
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  397. Lozano JE268
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  399. Lundqvist A18
  400. Lunet N269
  401. Lytsy P270
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  403. Ma J216
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  405. Machi S272
  406. Maggi S273
  407. Magliano DJ274
  408. Majer M25
  409. Makdisse M275
  410. Malekzadeh R7
  411. Malhotra R108
  412. Rao KM20
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  414. Manios Y277
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  416. Manzato E279
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  418. Marquesvidal P115
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  422. Matijasevich A75
  423. Matsha TE282
  424. Mbanya JCN56
  425. Mcdonald Posso AJ283
  426. Mcfarlane SR155
  427. Mcgarvey ST284
  428. Mclachlan S285
  429. Mclean RM278
  430. Mcnulty BA286
  431. Mdkhir AS287
  432. Medienebenchekor S213
  433. Medzioniene J74
  434. Meirhaeghe A288
  435. Meisinger C143
  436. Menezes AMB57
  437. Menon GR61
  438. Meshram II20
  439. Metspalu A161
  440. Mi J111
  441. Mikkel K161
  442. Miller JC278
  443. Miquel JF159
  444. Misigojdurakovic M25
  445. Mohamed MK289
  446. Mohammad K7
  447. Mohammadifard N290
  448. Mohan V48
  449. Mohd Yusoff MF53
  450. Moller NC81
  451. Molnar D291
  452. Momenan A60
  453. Monyeki KDK292
  454. Moreira LB169
  455. Morejon A72
  456. Moreno LA293
  457. Morgan K294
  458. Moschonis G277
  459. Mossakowska M295
  460. Mota J51
  461. Mostafa A289
  462. Motlagh ME296
  463. Motta J297
  464. Muiesan ML298
  465. Mullernurasyid M143
  466. Murphy N1
  467. Mursu J233
  468. Musil V25
  469. Nagel G299
  470. Naidu BM300
  471. Nakamura H301
  472. Namesna J58
  473. Nang EEK259
  474. Nangia VB302
  475. Narake S196
  476. Navarretemunoz EM175
  477. Ndiaye NC303
  478. Neal WA263
  479. Nenko I188
  480. Nervi F159
  481. Nguyen ND304
  482. Nguyen QN305
  483. Nietomartinez RE306
  484. Niiranen TJ18
  485. Ning G79
  486. Ninomiya T201
  487. Nishtar S307
  488. Noale M273
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  490. Noorbala AA7
  491. Norat T1
  492. Noto D65
  493. Al Nsour M308
  494. Oreilly D152
  495. Oh K119
  496. Olinto MTA137
  497. Oliveira IO57
  498. Omar MA53
  499. Onat A101
  500. Ordunez P66
  501. Osmond C124
  502. Ostojic SM189
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  506. Paccaud FM311
  507. Padez C312
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  510. Palli D313
  511. Palmieri L141
  512. Pandajonas S227
  513. Panza F314
  514. Papandreou D315
  515. Parnell WR278
  516. Parsaeian M7
  517. Pecin I225
  518. Pednekar MS196
  519. Peer N17
  520. Peeters PH316
  521. Peixoto SV264
  522. Pelletier C317
  523. Peltonen M18
  524. Pereira AC318
  525. Perez RM319
  526. Peters A143
  527. Petkeviciene J74
  528. Pham ST320
  529. Pigeot I39
  530. Pikhart H87
  531. Pilav A321
  532. Pilotto L322
  533. Pitakaka F323
  534. Plansrubio P324
  535. Polakowska M145
  536. Polasek O325
  537. Porta M149
  538. Portegies MLP134
  539. Pourshams A7
  540. Pradeepa R48
  541. Prashant M61
  542. Price JF285
  543. Puiu M117
  544. Punab M246
  545. Qasrawi RF29
  546. Qorbani M326
  547. Radic I189
  548. Radisauskas R74
  549. Rahman M35
  550. Raitakari O327
  551. Raj M252
  552. Rao SR234
  553. Ramachandran A107
  554. Ramos E59
  555. Rampal S328
  556. Rangel Reina DA283
  557. Rasmussen F104
  558. Redon J329
  559. Reganit PFM330
  560. Ribeiro R331
  561. Riboli E1
  562. Rigo F332
  563. Rinke De Wit TF333
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  565. Robinson SM124
  566. Robitaille C317
  567. Rodriguezartalejo F64
  568. Del Cristo Rodriguezperez M334
  569. Rodriguezvillamizar LA335
  570. Rojasmartinez R336
  571. Rosengren A84
  572. Rubinstein A198
  573. Rui O337
  574. Ruizbetancourt BS32
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  576. Rutkowski M63
  577. Sabanayagam C190
  578. Sachdev HS338
  579. Saidi O71
  580. Sakarya S339
  581. Salanave B136
  582. Martinez ES204
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  586. Salvetti M298
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  591. Dos Santos RN344
  592. Santos R51
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  595. Margolis GS346
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  600. Schargrodsky H349
  601. Schneider IJ130
  602. Schultsz C203
  603. Schutte AE17, 249
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  605. Senbanjo IO350
  606. Sepanlou SG351
  607. Sharma SK180
  608. Shaw JE274
  609. Shibuya K352
  610. Shin DW118
  611. Shin Y190
  612. Siantar R190
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  615. Simon M107
  616. Simons J353
  617. Simons LA323
  618. Sjostrom M104
  619. Skovbjerg S132
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  621. Slusarczyk P295
  622. Smith MC27
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  624. So HK208
  625. Sobngwi E56
  626. Soderberg S163
  627. Solfrizzi V314
  628. Sonestedt E354
  629. Song Y216
  630. Sorensen TIA355
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  634. Starc G229
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  636. Stavreski B359
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  650. Suriyawongpaisal P34
  651. Sy RG330
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  653. Tammesoo ML161
  654. Tamosiunas A74
  655. Tang L132
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  657. Tao Y216
  658. Tanser F173
  659. Tarawneh MR364
  660. Tarquimamani CB341
  661. Taylor A33
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  718. Wang MD317
  719. Wang Q383
  720. Wang YX384
  721. Wannamethee SG87
  722. Wareham N241
  723. Wederkopp N81
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  729. Wiecek A120
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  734. Wilsgaard T281
  735. Wojtyniak B362
  736. Wong TY108
  737. Wongmcclure RA28
  738. Woo J208
  739. Wu AG354
  740. Wu FC160
  741. Wu SL113
  742. Xu H387
  743. Yan W388
  744. Yang X389
  745. Ye X266
  746. Yiallouros PK390
  747. Yoshihara A222
  748. Youngercoleman NO155
  749. Yusoff AF391
  750. Yusoff MFM300
  751. Zambon S279
  752. Zdrojewski T63
  753. Zeng Y112, 216
  754. Zhao D21
  755. Zhao W389
  756. Zheng Y190
  757. Zimmermann E47
  758. Cisneros JZ297
  759. Zhu D392
  760. Eggertsen R84
Show Affiliations
Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Imperial College London, United Kingdom
  2. 2. Middlesex University, United Kingdom
  3. 3. World Health Organization, Switzerland
  4. 4. University of California, Berkeley, United States
  5. 5. Tufts University, United States
  6. 6. Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Peru
  7. 7. Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran
  8. 8. Brandeis University, United States
  9. 9. Mulago Hospital, Uganda
  10. 10. Yale University, United States
  11. 11. University of Lausanne, Switzerland
  12. 12. Ministry of Health, Seychelles
  13. 13. National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, China
  14. 14. National Institute of Health and Nutrition, Japan
  15. 15. University of Auckland, New Zealand
  16. 16. Simon Fraser University, Canada
  17. 17. South African Medical Research Council, South Africa
  18. 18. National Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland
  19. 19. University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
  20. 20. National Institute of Nutrition, India
  21. 21. Capital Medical University Beijing An Zhen Hospital, China
  22. 22. Robert Koch Institute, Germany
  23. 23. Uppsala University, Sweden
  24. 24. London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom
  25. 25. University of Zagreb, Croatia
  26. 26. University of Sydney, Australia
  27. 27. University of Oxford, United Kingdom
  28. 28. Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, Costa Rica
  29. 29. Al-Quds University, Palestine
  30. 30. Qatar University, Qatar
  31. 31. Birzeit University, Palestine
  32. 32. Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico
  33. 33. The University of Adelaide, Australia
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  38. 38. Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Iran
  39. 39. Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology—BIPS, Germany
  40. 40. Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia
  41. 41. Ministry of Health, Kuwait
  42. 42. World Health Organization Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, Egypt
  43. 43. Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg
  44. 44. Lille University and Hospital, France
  45. 45. Sogn and Fjordane University College, Norway
  46. 46. Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Norway
  47. 47. Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals, Denmark
  48. 48. Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, India
  49. 49. Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Ghana
  50. 50. National Institute of Public Health, Tunisia
  51. 51. University of Porto, Portugal
  52. 52. Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Norway
  53. 53. Ministry of Health Malaysia, Malaysia
  54. 54. Nepal Health Research Council, Nepal
  55. 55. Strasbourg University and Hospital, France
  56. 56. University of Yaounde 1, Cameroon
  57. 57. Federal University of Pelotas, Brazil
  58. 58. Regional Authority of Public Health, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia
  59. 59. University of Porto Medical School, Portugal
  60. 60. Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Iran
  61. 61. Indian Council of Medical Research, India
  62. 62. King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia
  63. 63. Medical University of Gdansk, Poland
  64. 64. Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Spain
  65. 65. University of Palermo, Italy
  66. 66. Pan American Health Organization, United States
  67. 67. Universite Mohammed V de Rabat, Morocco
  68. 68. University of Pernambuco, Brazil
  69. 69. Dalhousie University, Canada
  70. 70. Jordan University of Science and Technology, Jordan
  71. 71. University Tunis El Manar, Tunisia
  72. 72. University Medical Science, Cuba
  73. 73. University of Utah School of Medicine, United States
  74. 74. Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Lithuania
  75. 75. University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
  76. 76. B J Medical College, India
  77. 77. Chirayu Medical College, India
  78. 78. SL Jain Hospital, India
  79. 79. Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, China
  80. 80. Ufa Eye Research Institute, Russian Federation
  81. 81. University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
  82. 82. University of Greenland, Greenland
  83. 83. University of Oslo, Norway
  84. 84. University of Gothenburg, Sweden
  85. 85. National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Netherlands
  86. 86. University of Turin, Italy
  87. 87. University College London, United Kingdom
  88. 88. German Institute of Human Nutrition, Germany
  89. 89. Universidad de la Republica, Uruguay
  90. 90. CEMIC, Argentina
  91. 91. Toulouse University School of Medicine, France
  92. 92. Ghent University, Belgium
  93. 93. Universidad Central de Venezuela, Venezuela
  94. 94. Bielefeld University, Germany
  95. 95. German Cancer Research Center, Germany
  96. 96. Cork Institute of Technology, Ireland
  97. 97. Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Israel
  98. 98. Universidad de La Laguna, Spain
  99. 99. University of Malta, Malta
  100. 100. Canadian Fitness and Lifestyle Research Institute, Canada
  101. 101. Istanbul University, Turkey
  102. 102. Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Brazil
  103. 103. Cardiologia di Mercato S Severino, Italy
  104. 104. Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
  105. 105. Santiago de Compostela University, Spain
  106. 106. Associazione Calabrese di Epatologia, Italy
  107. 107. India Diabetes Research Foundation, India
  108. 108. Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
  109. 109. National Institute of Medical Statistics, India
  110. 110. Academia Sinica, Taiwan
  111. 111. Capital Institute of Pediatrics, China
  112. 112. Duke University, United States
  113. 113. Kailuan General Hospital, China
  114. 114. The Gertner Institute for Epidemiology and Health Policy Research, Israel
  115. 115. Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland
  116. 116. Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taiwan
  117. 117. Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Romania
  118. 118. Seoul National University College of Medicine, South Korea
  119. 119. Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, South Korea
  120. 120. Medical University of Silesia, Poland
  121. 121. Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic
  122. 122. Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium
  123. 123. Agency for Preventive and Social Medicine, Austria
  124. 124. University of Southampton, United Kingdom
  125. 125. IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed, Italy
  126. 126. Institut Pasteur de Lille, France
  127. 127. Westmead University of Sydney, Australia
  128. 128. CIBEROBN, Spain
  129. 129. National Council of Research, Italy
  130. 130. Federal University of Santa Catarina, Brazil
  131. 131. Eduardo Mondlane University, Mozambique
  132. 132. Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Denmark
  133. 133. Lille University Hospital, France
  134. 134. Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Netherlands
  135. 135. University of Montreal, Canada
  136. 136. French Public Health Agency, France
  137. 137. Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, Brazil
  138. 138. National Council of Scientific and Technical Research, Argentina
  139. 139. National Institute of Nutrition, Viet Nam
  140. 140. University of Queensland, Australia
  141. 141. Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Italy
  142. 142. Universidad de Cuenca, Ecuador
  143. 143. Helmholtz Zentrum Munchen, Germany
  144. 144. Ministere de la Sante et de la Lutte Contre le Sida, Cote d'Ivoire
  145. 145. The Cardinal Wyszynski Institute of Cardiology, Poland
  146. 146. University of Latvia, Latvia
  147. 147. Medical University of Lodz, Poland
  148. 148. National Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Tunisia
  149. 149. Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mediques, Spain
  150. 150. University of Stellenbosch, South Africa
  151. 151. Karadeniz Technical University, Turkey
  152. 152. The Queen's University of Belfast, United Kingdom
  153. 153. University of Zurich, Switzerland
  154. 154. Centro de Salud Villanueva Norte, Spain
  155. 155. The University of the West Indies, Jamaica
  156. 156. Hospital Don Benito-Villanueva de la Serena, Spain
  157. 157. Ministry of Health, Argentina
  158. 158. Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Italy
  159. 159. Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Chile
  160. 160. University of Manchester, United Kingdom
  161. 161. University of Tartu, Estonia
  162. 162. Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia
  163. 163. Umea University, Sweden
  164. 164. Dalarna University, Sweden
  165. 165. Stanford University, United States
  166. 166. Federal University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
  167. 167. Hospital Universitario Son Espases, Spain
  168. 168. Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Brazil
  169. 169. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
  170. 170. Kindai University, Japan
  171. 171. Kyoto University, Japan
  172. 172. Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
  173. 173. University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
  174. 174. Geneva University Hospitals, Switzerland
  175. 175. CIBER en Epidemiologia y Salud Publica, Spain
  176. 176. Australian Bureau of Statistics, Australia
  177. 177. Murcia Regional Health Council, Spain
  178. 178. Wageningen University, Netherlands
  179. 179. Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Iran
  180. 180. B P Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Nepal
  181. 181. University of Insubria, Italy
  182. 182. Ministry of Health, Israel
  183. 183. Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
  184. 184. The Andes Clinic of Cardio-Metabolic Studies, Venezuela
  185. 185. Universite de Lille 2, France
  186. 186. Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Czech Republic
  187. 187. The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Poland
  188. 188. Jagiellonian University Medical College, Poland
  189. 189. University of Novi Sad, Serbia
  190. 190. Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore
  191. 191. University of Iceland, Iceland
  192. 192. Universidad Icesi, Colombia
  193. 193. State University of Montes Claros, Brazil
  194. 194. King's College London, United Kingdom
  195. 195. Icelandic Heart Association, Iceland
  196. 196. Healis-Sekhsaria Institute for Public Health, India
  197. 197. University of Ibadan, Nigeria
  198. 198. Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy, Argentina
  199. 199. Danish Cancer Society Research Centre, Denmark
  200. 200. The University of the West Indies, Barbados
  201. 201. Kyushu University, Japan
  202. 202. Tulane University, United States
  203. 203. Academic Medical Center Amsterdam, Netherlands
  204. 204. National Institute of Public Health, Mexico
  205. 205. Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia
  206. 206. Oulu University Hospital, Finland
  207. 207. Chronic Diseases Research Center, Iran
  208. 208. The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
  209. 209. University of Western Australia, Australia
  210. 210. Celal Bayar University, Turkey
  211. 211. Fundacion Oftalmologica de Santander, Colombia
  212. 212. Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Brazil
  213. 213. University of Oran 1, Algeria
  214. 214. University of Public Health, Myanmar
  215. 215. Ministry of Health, Myanmar
  216. 216. Peking University, China
  217. 217. International Agency for Research on Cancer, France
  218. 218. American University of Beirut, Lebanon
  219. 219. Cairo University, Egypt
  220. 220. Aga Khan University, Pakistan
  221. 221. UHC Zagreb, Croatia
  222. 222. Niigata University, Japan
  223. 223. Hadassah University Medical Center, Israel
  224. 224. Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway
  225. 225. University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Croatia
  226. 226. Guangzhou 12th Hospital, China
  227. 227. Ruprecht-Karls-University of Heidelberg, Germany
  228. 228. World Health Organization Country Office, India
  229. 229. University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
  230. 230. University of Crete, Greece
  231. 231. Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia
  232. 232. Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, United States
  233. 233. University of Eastern Finland, Finland
  234. 234. National Institute of Epidemiology, India
  235. 235. University of Munster, Germany
  236. 236. Israel Center for Disease Control, Israel
  237. 237. Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Iran
  238. 238. VU University Medical Center, Netherlands
  239. 239. Research Institute of Child Nutrition, Germany
  240. 240. Seoul National University, South Korea
  241. 241. University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
  242. 242. Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
  243. 243. Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Tanzania
  244. 244. National Cancer Center, South Korea
  245. 245. Institute of Tropical Medicine, Belgium
  246. 246. Tartu University Clinics, Estonia
  247. 247. Polish Academy of Sciences Anthropology Unit in Wroclaw, Poland
  248. 248. University of Groningen, Netherlands
  249. 249. North-West University, South Africa
  250. 250. National Institute of Public Health, Czech Republic
  251. 251. University of Jyvaskyla, Finland
  252. 252. Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, India
  253. 253. All India Institute of Medical Sciences, India
  254. 254. African Population and Health Research Center, Kenya
  255. 255. Ministerio de Salud Publica, Cuba
  256. 256. Sahlgrenska Academy, Sweden
  257. 257. Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Iran
  258. 258. Food and Agriculture Organization, Italy
  259. 259. National University of Singapore, Singapore
  260. 260. Tampere University Hospital, Finland
  261. 261. Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia
  262. 262. University of Cape Town, South Africa
  263. 263. West Virginia University, United States
  264. 264. Oswaldo Cruz Foundation Rene Rachou Research Institute, Brazil
  265. 265. National Taiwan University, Taiwan
  266. 266. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
  267. 267. University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
  268. 268. Consejeria de Sanidad Junta de Castilla y Leon, Spain
  269. 269. Universidade do Porto, Portugal
  270. 270. University of Uppsala, Sweden
  271. 271. Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Brazil
  272. 272. The Jikei University School of Medicine, Japan
  273. 273. National Research Council, Italy
  274. 274. Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Australia
  275. 275. Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Brazil
  276. 276. Institute of Internal and Preventive Medicine, Russian Federation
  277. 277. Harokopio University, Greece
  278. 278. University of Otago, New Zealand
  279. 279. University of Padova, Italy
  280. 280. Emory University, United States
  281. 281. UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Norway
  282. 282. Cape Peninsula University of Technology, South Africa
  283. 283. Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panama
  284. 284. Brown University, United States
  285. 285. University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
  286. 286. University College Dublin, Ireland
  287. 287. Penang Medical College, Malaysia
  288. 288. Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale, France
  289. 289. Ain Shams University, Egypt
  290. 290. Hypertension Research Center, Iran
  291. 291. University of Pecs, Hungary
  292. 292. University of Limpopo, South Africa
  293. 293. Universidad de Zaragoza, Spain
  294. 294. RCSI Dublin, Ireland
  295. 295. International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Poland
  296. 296. Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Iran
  297. 297. Gorgas Memorial Institute of Public Health, Panama
  298. 298. University of Brescia, Italy
  299. 299. Ulm University, Germany
  300. 300. Institute of Public Health, Malaysia
  301. 301. Kobe University, Japan
  302. 302. Suraj Eye Institute, India
  303. 303. INSERM, France
  304. 304. The University of Pharmacy and Medicine of Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
  305. 305. Hanoi Medical University, Viet Nam
  306. 306. Universidad Centro-Occidental Lisandro Alvarado, Venezuela
  307. 307. Heartfile, Pakistan
  308. 308. Eastern Mediterranean Public Health Network, Jordan
  309. 309. Aarhus University, Denmark
  310. 310. Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Ghana
  311. 311. Institute for Social and Preventive Medicine, Switzerland
  312. 312. University of Coimbra, Portugal
  313. 313. Cancer Prevention and Research Institute, Italy
  314. 314. University of Bari, Italy
  315. 315. Zayed University, United Arab Emirates
  316. 316. University Medical Center Utrecht, Netherlands
  317. 317. Public Health Agency of Canada, Canada
  318. 318. Heart Institute, Brazil
  319. 319. National Institute of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Microbiology, Cuba
  320. 320. Vietnam National Heart Institute, Viet Nam
  321. 321. Federal Ministry of Health, Bosnia and Herzegovina
  322. 322. Cardiovascular Prevention Centre Udine, Italy
  323. 323. University of New South Wales, Australia
  324. 324. Public Health Agency of Catalonia, Spain
  325. 325. University of Split, Croatia
  326. 326. Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Iran
  327. 327. Turku University Hospital, Finland
  328. 328. Julius Centre University of Malaya, Malaysia
  329. 329. University of Valencia, Spain
  330. 330. University of the Philippines, Philippines
  331. 331. Minas Gerais State Secretariat for Health, Brazil
  332. 332. Health Center San Agustin, Spain
  333. 333. PharmAccess Foundation, Netherlands
  334. 334. Canarian Health Service, Spain
  335. 335. Universidad Industrial de Santander, Colombia
  336. 336. Instituto Nacional de Salud Publica, Mexico
  337. 337. University of Madeira, Portugal
  338. 338. Sitaram Bhartia Institute of Science and Research, India
  339. 339. Marmara University, Turkey
  340. 340. University of Helsinki, Finland
  341. 341. National Institute of Health, Peru
  342. 342. Catalan Department of Health, Spain
  343. 343. Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
  344. 344. University of Sao Paulo Clinics Hospital, Brazil
  345. 345. South Karelia Social and Health Care District, Finland
  346. 346. Robert Koch Institut, Germany
  347. 347. Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Iran
  348. 348. Research and Education Institute of Child Health, Cyprus
  349. 349. Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Argentina
  350. 350. Lagos State University College of Medicine, Nigeria
  351. 351. Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Iran
  352. 352. The University of Tokyo, Japan
  353. 353. St Vincent's Hospital, Australia
  354. 354. Lund University, Sweden
  355. 355. University of Copenhagen, Denmark
  356. 356. Institut Regional de Sante Publique, Benin
  357. 357. University of Bordeaux, France
  358. 358. University of Leuven, Belgium
  359. 359. Heart Foundation, Australia
  360. 360. Bonn University, Germany
  361. 361. Sotiria Hospital, Greece
  362. 362. National Institute of Public Health-National Institute of Hygiene, Poland
  363. 363. Fu Jen Catholic University, Taiwan
  364. 364. Ministry of Health, Jordan
  365. 365. IB-SALUT Area de Salut de Menorca, Spain
  366. 366. Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement, France
  367. 367. Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, United States
  368. 368. Hellenic Health Foundation, Greece
  369. 369. Government Medical College, India
  370. 370. Sefako Makgatho Health Science University, South Africa
  371. 371. Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait
  372. 372. Ministry of Health, New Zealand
  373. 373. University of Tampere Tays Eye Center, Finland
  374. 374. Centro di Prevenzione Cardiovascolare Udine, Italy
  375. 375. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
  376. 376. Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Finland
  377. 377. Universidad Miguel Hernandez, Spain
  378. 378. Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology, Spain
  379. 379. University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa
  380. 380. University of Strasbourg, France
  381. 381. University College Cork, Ireland
  382. 382. Institute for Medical Research, Malaysia
  383. 383. Xinjiang Medical University, China
  384. 384. Beijing Tongren Hospital, China
  385. 385. St George's, University of London, United Kingdom
  386. 386. Medical University of Vienna, Austria
  387. 387. Institute of Food and Nutrition Development of Ministry of Agriculture, China
  388. 388. Children's Hospital of Fudan University, China
  389. 389. Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
  390. 390. University of Cyprus, Cyprus
  391. 391. Ministry of Health, Malaysia
  392. 392. Inner Mongolia Medical University, China

Source: The Lancet Published:2017


Abstract

Background Raised blood pressure is an important risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and chronic kidney disease. We estimated worldwide trends in mean systolic and mean diastolic blood pressure, and the prevalence of, and number of people with, raised blood pressure, defined as systolic blood pressure of 140 mm Hg or higher or diastolic blood pressure of 90 mm Hg or higher. Methods For this analysis, we pooled national, subnational, or community population-based studies that had measured blood pressure in adults aged 18 years and older. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends from 1975 to 2015 in mean systolic and mean diastolic blood pressure, and the prevalence of raised blood pressure for 200 countries. We calculated the contributions of changes in prevalence versus population growth and ageing to the increase in the number of adults with raised blood pressure. Findings We pooled 1479 studies that had measured the blood pressures of 19·1 million adults. Global age-standardised mean systolic blood pressure in 2015 was 127·0 mm Hg (95% credible interval 125·7–128·3) in men and 122·3 mm Hg (121·0–123·6) in women; age-standardised mean diastolic blood pressure was 78·7 mm Hg (77·9–79·5) for men and 76·7 mm Hg (75·9–77·6) for women. Global age-standardised prevalence of raised blood pressure was 24·1% (21·4–27·1) in men and 20·1% (17·8–22·5) in women in 2015. Mean systolic and mean diastolic blood pressure decreased substantially from 1975 to 2015 in high-income western and Asia Pacific countries, moving these countries from having some of the highest worldwide blood pressure in 1975 to the lowest in 2015. Mean blood pressure also decreased in women in central and eastern Europe, Latin America and the Caribbean, and, more recently, central Asia, Middle East, and north Africa, but the estimated trends in these super-regions had larger uncertainty than in high-income super-regions. By contrast, mean blood pressure might have increased in east and southeast Asia, south Asia, Oceania, and sub-Saharan Africa. In 2015, central and eastern Europe, sub-Saharan Africa, and south Asia had the highest blood pressure levels. Prevalence of raised blood pressure decreased in high-income and some middle-income countries; it remained unchanged elsewhere. The number of adults with raised blood pressure increased from 594 million in 1975 to 1·13 billion in 2015, with the increase largely in low-income and middle-income countries. The global increase in the number of adults with raised blood pressure is a net effect of increase due to population growth and ageing, and decrease due to declining age-specific prevalence. Interpretation During the past four decades, the highest worldwide blood pressure levels have shifted from high-income countries to low-income countries in south Asia and sub-Saharan Africa due to opposite trends, while blood pressure has been persistently high in central and eastern Europe. Funding Wellcome Trust. © 2017 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY license
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