A Comprehensive Review on Human Health Effects of Chromium: Insights on Induced Toxicity Publisher Pubmed



Hossini H¹ ; Shafie B² ; Niri AD³ ; Nazari M⁴ ; Esfahlan AJ⁵ ; Ahmadpour M⁶ ; Nazmara Z⁷ ; Ahmadimanesh M^{8, 9} ; Makhdoumi P¹⁰ ; Mirzaei N¹¹ ; Hoseinzadeh E¹² Show Affiliations
Source: Environmental Science and Pollution Research Published:2022

Abstract

The growing use of heavy metals in most industrial activities has led to it being considered as the most important environmental pollutant that may cause harm and toxicity to animals and humans. Chromium has been found in the environment in different oxidation states such as Cr0, Cr(III), and Cr(VI) and is released from a variety of anthropogenic and natural activities. At among, trivalent and hexavalent chromium are the most stable forms. Considerably, Cr(VI) is frequently more toxic than Cr(III) because of its particular solubility and high mobility. Chronic exposure and bioaccumulation of chromium, as a heavy metal, can cause toxicity and numerous pathophysiological defects, including allergic reactions, anemia, burns, and sores especially in the stomach and small intestine, damage to sperm along with the male reproductive system, and affect various biological systems. Chromium pollution can have severe consequences for water and the soil environment. This article reviews the toxicological effects of Cr(VI) and Cr(III) and their mechanisms of toxicity and carcinogenicity. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.