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Electrochemical Elimination of Chlorophenol As Contaminants in Water Using Continuous-Flow Reactor Equipped by Ti/Pd and Ti/Ru Electrodes Publisher



Tabeshnia M1 ; Baghdadi M1 ; Abdi K2, 3 ; Bidhendi GN1 ; Goharrizi BA1
Authors
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Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate Faculty of Environment, University of Tehran, P.O.Box: 1417853111, Tehran, Iran
  2. 2. Department of Radiopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  3. 3. Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

Source: International Journal of Environmental Research Published:2025


Abstract

The aim of the current study was to investigate an electrochemical continuous-flow reactor for the removal of 4-chlorophenol (4-CP) from an artificial aqueous solution. Ti/Ru and Ti/Pd electrodes were made for this experiment using the thermal breakdown. The operational parameters were optimized by using the Box-Behnken Design (BBD) technique. Four independent parameters were utilized in a continuous flow reactor to remove 4-CP: pH (4–9), current density (20–80 mA cm–2), HRT (10–60 min), and initial concentration of 4-CP (0.5–2 mg L–1). Characterization results confirmed that Pd and Ru were successfully deposited onto the titanium mesh surface. The optimal pH, HRT, and current for 2 mg L−1 of 4-CP were 6.5, 55 min, and 60 mA cm−2, respectively. The efficacy of pollutant removal in this case was 95.22%. The study highlights the critical role of an electrochemical continuous-flow reactor in continuously removing chlorophenols (CPs) from water in treatment plants. In order to achieve mineralization as the intended result, this study highlights the importance of optimizing a number of operating parameters, including current density, pH, and electrolyte concentration. It also emphasizes the use of electrocatalytic hydrogenation (ECH) and electrochemical advanced oxidation processes (EAOPs) while tackling issues such as controlling the toxicity of intermediate products and the requirement for affordable electrodes. © University of Tehran 2025.