Photocatalytic Antimicrobial Effect of Titanium Dioxide Coated Clear-Aligners on Streptococcus Mutans and Evaluation the Physico-Mechanical Characteristics Publisher Pubmed



Pourhajibagher M ; Bahrami R ; Moeininejad M ; Ghorbanzadeh R ; Bahador A
Source: Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy Published:2025

Abstract

Background: This study evaluated the photocatalytic antimicrobial effect of titanium dioxide (TiO2)-coated clear aligners against Streptococcus mutans and assessed the impact of TiO2coating on surface microhardness and optical transparency. Materials and methods: Clear aligner samples (10 × 10 × 2 mm) were coated with different concentrations of TiO2(1 %, 2 %, and 4 %) via submerging. Uniformity of particle distribution and surface microhardness were measured using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Vickers hardness testing, respectively. Optical transparency was assessed via ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry. After incubation in artificial saliva, samples were exposed to ultraviolet A (UVA) at 320 nm for 1 min with an energy density of 18.75 J/cm²). Biofilm inhibition was evaluated by crystal violet colorimetric assay, measuring optical density at 595 nm. Expression of gtfB gene was analyzed via quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results: SEM images confirmed uniform nanoparticle distribution with no surface damage. The combination of TiO2coating and UVA exposure significantly reduced biofilm formation, with the 4 % TiO2group demonstrating the highest inhibitory effect compared to the control group (P < 0.001). Additionally, expression of the gtfB gene was significantly downregulated in this group (–6.35 ± 0.30). Surface microhardness showed a non-significant increase with higher TiO2concentrations, suggesting enhanced wear resistance without compromising material properties. However, the 4 % TiO2coating resulted in a significant reduction in optical transparency compared to other groups (P < 0.01). Conclusion: While 4 % TiO2coating with UVA activation achieved the strongest antibiofilm effect, it compromised optical transparency. The 2 % TiO2coating preserved aesthetics and still provided substantial antimicrobial activity, making it the more practical clinical option. © 2025 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.