Nanomaterial-Enhanced Electrochemical Immunosensor for Sensitive Detection of Staphylococcus Aureus in Milk Publisher



Adabi M ; Rajabi Z ; Adabi M
Source: Microchemical Journal Published:2025

Abstract

A novel electrochemical immunosensor was developed using nanomaterials for the rapid and accurate detection of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) in milk samples. To achieve this, the surface of a screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) was first modified with carbon nanofibers (CNFs), followed by electrodeposition of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) onto the CNFs. Subsequently, cysteamine (Cys) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were applied onto the AuNPs. Finally, the antibody was immobilized on the modified electrode. The characterization of CNFs was conducted through Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The surface morphology of the bare SPCE and CNFs/SPCE was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Cyclic voltammetry (CV) was employed to investigate the stepwise assembly process during immunosensor fabrication. The performance of the immunosensor for detection of S. aureus was monitored using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The designed immunosensor displayed a broad linear range (10 to 107 CFU mL−1), a low detection limit (2.8 CFU mL−1), good long-term stability, and reliable reproducibility and repeatability. Furthermore, acceptable recoveries of S. aureus were achieved in spiked milk samples. In conclusion, the immunosensor's straightforward fabrication and promising electrochemical results suggest it is well-suited for S. aureus detection in milk samples. © 2025 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.