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Mapping Development and Health Effects of Cooking With Solid Fuels in Low-Income and Middle-Income Countries, 2000–18: A Geospatial Modelling Study Publisher Pubmed



Frostad JJ1 ; Nguyen QP1 ; Baumann MM1 ; Blacker BF1 ; Marczak LB1 ; Deshpande A3 ; Wiens KE4 ; Legrand KE1 ; Johnson KB1 ; Abbasikangevari M6 ; Abdoli A9 ; Abolhassani H10, 20 ; Abreu LG21 ; Abrigo MRM25 Show All Authors
Authors
  1. Frostad JJ1
  2. Nguyen QP1
  3. Baumann MM1
  4. Blacker BF1
  5. Marczak LB1
  6. Deshpande A3
  7. Wiens KE4
  8. Legrand KE1
  9. Johnson KB1
  10. Abbasikangevari M6
  11. Abdoli A9
  12. Abolhassani H10, 20
  13. Abreu LG21
  14. Abrigo MRM25
  15. Aburmeileh NME26
  16. Adekanmbi V27
  17. Agrawal A28, 29
  18. Ahmed MB30, 31
  19. Alaly Z32, 33
  20. Alanezi FM36
  21. Alcalderabanal JE37
  22. Alipour V39, 40
  23. Altirkawi KA46
  24. Alvisguzman N48, 50
  25. Alviszakzuk NJ49, 51
  26. Amegah AK53
  27. Amini S54
  28. Amiri F55
  29. Amugsi DA60
  30. Ancuceanu R61
  31. Andrei CL62
  32. Andrei T64
  33. Antriyandarti E65
  34. Anvari D66, 67
  35. Arabloo J39
  36. Arabzozani M68
  37. Athari SS69
  38. Ausloos M64, 70
  39. Ayano G72, 73
  40. Aynalem YA74
  41. Azari S41
  42. Badiye AD75
  43. Baig AA76
  44. Balakrishnan K77
  45. Banach M78, 79
  46. Basu S80, 82
  47. Bedi N86, 88
  48. Bell ML89
  49. Bennett DA91
  50. Bhattacharyya K95, 96
  51. Bhutta ZA97, 98
  52. Bibi S100
  53. Bohlouli S101
  54. Boufous S102
  55. Bragazzi NL103
  56. Braithwaite D104, 105
  57. Nagaraja SB106
  58. Butt ZA107, 108
  59. Dos Santos ELC109
  60. Car J83, 110
  61. Cardenas R111
  62. Carvalho F112
  63. Castaldellimaia JM113
  64. Castanedaorjuela CA52, 117
  65. Cerin E118, 119
  66. Chattu SK120
  67. Chattu VK121, 122
  68. Chaturvedi P123, 124
  69. Chaturvedi S125
  70. Chen S126
  71. Chu DT127
  72. Chung SC128, 130
  73. Dahlawi SMA34
  74. Damiani G131, 133
  75. Dandona L1, 135, 136
  76. Dandona R1, 2, 135
  77. Darwesh AM137
  78. Das JK99
  79. Dash AP140
  80. Davilacervantes CA141
  81. De Leo D142
  82. De Neve JW126
  83. Demissie GD143
  84. Denovagutierrez E38
  85. Dey S145
  86. Dharmaratne SD1, 2, 146
  87. Dhimal M147
  88. Dhungana GP148
  89. Diaz D149, 150
  90. Dipeolu IO151
  91. Dorostkar F42
  92. Doshmangir L155
  93. Duraes AR157, 159
  94. Edinur HA160
  95. Efendi F161, 163
  96. Tantawi ME164
  97. Eskandarieh S11
  98. Fadhil I165
  99. Fattahi N56
  100. Fauk NK166, 167
  101. Fereshtehnejad SM168, 169
  102. Folayan MO171
  103. Foroutan M172, 173
  104. Fukumoto T175
  105. Gaidhane AM176
  106. Ghafourifard M156
  107. Ghashghaee A178
  108. Gilani SA181, 182
  109. Gill TK183
  110. Goulart AC114, 115
  111. Goulart BNG185
  112. Grada A186
  113. Gubari MIM189
  114. Guido D190, 295
  115. Guo Y191, 194
  116. Gupta RD195, 196, 197, 198
  117. Gupta R195, 196, 197, 198
  118. Gutierrez RA199
  119. Hafezinejad N5, 12
  120. Hamadeh RR200
  121. Hasaballah AI201
  122. Hassanipour S202, 203
  123. Hayat K205, 206
  124. Heibati B207
  125. Heidarisoureshjani R208
  126. Henry NJ92
  127. Herteliu C64, 210
  128. Hosseinzadeh M138, 211
  129. Hsairi M212
  130. Hu G213
  131. Ibitoye SE152
  132. Ilesanmi OS153, 214
  133. Ilic IM216
  134. Ilic MD218
  135. Irvani SSN219
  136. Islam SMS220, 221
  137. Iwu CCD224
  138. Jaafari J204
  139. Jakovljevic M225, 226
  140. Javaheri T187
  141. Jha RP227, 228
  142. Ji JS229
  143. Jonas JB230, 231
  144. Kabir A43
  145. Kabir Z232
  146. Kalhor R179, 180
  147. Kamyari N174
  148. Kanchan T233
  149. Kapil U234
  150. Kapoor N75
  151. Kayode GA237, 238
  152. Keiyoro PN240
  153. Khader YS242
  154. Khalid N243
  155. Khan EA244
  156. Khan M87, 245
  157. Khan MN87, 245
  158. Khatab K193, 246, 247
  159. Khater MM248
  160. Khatib MN177
  161. Khayamzadeh M8, 250
  162. Khubchandani J251
  163. Kim GR252
  164. Kim YJ255
  165. Kimokoti RW256
  166. Kisa A257, 258
  167. Kisa S259
  168. Knibbs LD222
  169. Koul PA260
  170. Koyanagi A261, 262
  171. Krishan K263
  172. Kumar GA135
  173. Kumar M129, 241
  174. Kusuma D84, 264
  175. Vecchia CL132
  176. Lacey B91, 265
  177. Lami FH266
  178. Lan Q267
  179. Lasrado S268
  180. Lauriola P269
  181. Lee PH71
  182. Lewycka S93, 270
  183. Li S192
  184. Machado DB271, 272
  185. Mahasha PW273
  186. Maheri M274
  187. Majeed A83
  188. Maleki A13, 275
  189. Malekzadeh R14, 276
  190. Malta DC22
  191. Mansouri B57
  192. Mansournia MA15
  193. Martinez NM1
  194. Martini S162, 278
  195. Martinsmelo FR279
  196. Mayala BK1, 280
  197. Mehndiratta MM281, 282
  198. Mendoza W283
  199. Menezes RG35
  200. Mengesha EW284
  201. Meretoja TJ285, 286
  202. Mestrovic T1, 287
  203. Michalek IM288
  204. Mirrakhimov EM289, 290
  205. Mirzaei M58
  206. Mirzaei R16, 44
  207. Moazen B126, 291
  208. Mohammad Y47
  209. Mohammadianhafshejani A292
  210. Mohammed S293
  211. Mokdad AH1, 2
  212. Monasta L296
  213. Moradilakeh M45
  214. Moraga P297
  215. Morawska L298
  216. Mosapour A209, 299
  217. Mouodi S300
  218. Khaneghah AM301
  219. Mukhopadhyay S302
  220. Munro SB303
  221. Murray CJL1, 2
  222. Nagarajan AJ304, 305
  223. Naghavi M1, 2
  224. Nair S306, 307
  225. Nangia V308
  226. Nascimento BR23, 24
  227. Nazari J309
  228. Negoi I63, 310
  229. Netsere HB144, 311
  230. Ngunjiri JW312
  231. Nguyen HLT313
  232. Noubiap JJ184
  233. Oancea B314
  234. Ogbo FA315
  235. Oh IH316
  236. Olagunju AT317, 319
  237. Olusanya BO320
  238. Olusanya JO320
  239. Bali AO139
  240. Onwujekwe OE321
  241. Otstavnov N322
  242. Otstavnov SS322, 323
  243. Owolabi MO154, 215
  244. Mahesh PA324
  245. Pandey A134
  246. Park EC252, 325
  247. Park EK252, 253, 325
  248. Patel SK326
  249. Pham HQ327
  250. Pilgrim T328
  251. Pirsaheb M56
  252. Pokhrel KN329
  253. Postma MJ330, 331
  254. Syed ZQ176
  255. Rabiee N332, 333
  256. Radfar A334
  257. Rahim F17
  258. Ur Rahman MH163, 335, 336
  259. Rahman MA163, 335, 336
  260. Rahmani AM337
  261. Ranabhat CL338, 339
  262. Rao SJ340
  263. Rasella D158
  264. Rastogi P341
  265. Rath GK235
  266. Rawaf DL85, 343
  267. Rawaf S83, 344
  268. Rawal L345
  269. Rawassizadeh R188
  270. Renzaho AMN346
  271. Reshmi B347
  272. Rezaei N10, 18, 19, 349
  273. Rezaei N10, 18, 19, 349
  274. Rezapour A39
  275. Rickard J350, 351
  276. Roever L352
  277. Ronfani L296
  278. Rostamian M353
  279. Rubagotti E354, 355
  280. Rwegerera GM356
  281. Saddik B357
  282. Sadeghi E56
  283. Moghaddam SS18
  284. Sagar R236
  285. Sahebkar A358
  286. Sahiledengle B359
  287. Salem MR249
  288. Samy AM360
  289. Santricmilicevic MM216, 217
  290. Saraswathy SYI362
  291. Sathian B363, 364
  292. Sathish T318
  293. Schwebel DC365
  294. Sepanlou SG14, 276
  295. Shahabi S277
  296. Shaheen AA367
  297. Shahid I368
  298. Shaikh MA369
  299. Shalash AS361
  300. Shamsbeyranvand M370
  301. Shannawaz M371
  302. Sharafi K56
  303. Sheikh A81, 372
  304. Sheikhbahaei S5
  305. Shetty RS348
  306. Shiferaw WS74
  307. Shigematsu M373
  308. Shin JI254
  309. Shivakumar KM374
  310. Siabani S59, 375
  311. Siddiqi TJ376
  312. Singh BB223, 377
  313. Singh JA366, 378
  314. Sintayehu Y379
  315. Sorrie MB380
  316. Soyiri IN381
  317. Spurlock EE1, 90
  318. Sreeramareddy CT382
  319. Stockfelt L383
  320. Sufiyan MB294
  321. Abdulkader RS384
  322. Tabaresseisdedos R385, 386
  323. Tabuchi T387
  324. Taherkhani A388
  325. Temsah MH46
  326. Thankappan KR389
  327. Tovanipalone MR116, 390
  328. Traini E239, 296
  329. Ullah S100
  330. Unnikrishnan B342
  331. Upadhyay E391
  332. Tahbaz SV392, 393
  333. Varughese S394
  334. Violante FS395, 396
  335. Vo B397
  336. Vu GT327
  337. Waheed Y398
  338. Wang YP113
  339. Welgan CA1
  340. Werdecker A399
  341. Jabbari SHY392
  342. Yaya S94, 170
  343. Yazdifeyzabadi V400, 401
  344. Yilma MT402
  345. Yonemoto N403, 404
  346. Younis MZ405, 406
  347. Yousefinezhadi T7
  348. Yu C407
  349. Yu Y409
  350. Zaman SB410
  351. Zhang Y411
  352. Zhang ZJ408
  353. Brauer M1, 412
  354. Hay SI1, 2
Show Affiliations
Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  2. 2. Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  3. 3. Department of Epidemiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
  4. 4. Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
  5. 5. Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
  6. 6. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Tehran, Iran
  7. 7. Injury Prevention and Safety Promotion Research Center, Tehran, Iran
  8. 8. Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  9. 9. Zoonoses Research Center, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
  10. 10. Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  11. 11. Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  12. 12. School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  13. 13. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  14. 14. Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  15. 15. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  16. 16. Water Quality Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  17. 17. Metabolomics and Genomics Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  18. 18. Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  19. 19. Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  20. 20. Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
  21. 21. Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
  22. 22. Department of Maternal and Child Nursing and Public Health, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
  23. 23. Department of Clinical Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
  24. 24. Clinical Hospital, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
  25. 25. Department of Research, Philippine Institute for Development Studies, Quezon City, Philippines
  26. 26. Institute of Community and Public Health, Birzeit University, Ramallah, Palestine
  27. 27. Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Texas, Galveston, TX, United States
  28. 28. Trivedi School of Biosciences, Ashoka University, Sonipat, India
  29. 29. Section of General Internal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
  30. 30. Department of Epidemiology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
  31. 31. Australian Center for Precision Health, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  32. 32. John T Milliken Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, United States
  33. 33. Clinical Epidemiology Center, US Department of Veterans Affairs, St Louis, MO, United States
  34. 34. Environmental Health Department, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
  35. 35. Forensic Medicine Division, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
  36. 36. Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
  37. 37. Center for Health Systems Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
  38. 38. Center for Nutrition and Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
  39. 39. Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  40. 40. Department of Health Economics, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  41. 41. Hospital Management Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  42. 42. Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  43. 43. Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  44. 44. Comprehensive Research Laboratory, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  45. 45. Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  46. 46. Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  47. 47. Internal Medicine Department, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  48. 48. Research Group in Hospital Management and Health Policies, Universidad de la Costa (University of the Coast), Barranquilla, Colombia
  49. 49. Department of Economic Sciences, Universidad de la Costa (University of the Coast), Barranquilla, Colombia
  50. 50. Research Group in Health Economics, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
  51. 51. National Health Observatory, National Institute of Health, Bogota, Colombia
  52. 52. Colombian National Health Observatory, National Institute of Health, Bogota, Colombia
  53. 53. Department of Biomedical Science, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
  54. 54. Department of Health Services Management, Khomein University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran
  55. 55. Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  56. 56. Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  57. 57. Substance Abuse Prevention Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  58. 58. Department of Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  59. 59. Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  60. 60. Maternal and Child Wellbeing, African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya
  61. 61. Department of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  62. 62. Department of Cardiology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  63. 63. Department of General Surgery, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  64. 64. Department of Statistics and Econometrics, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania
  65. 65. Agribusiness Study Program, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta, Indonesia
  66. 66. Department of Parasitology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
  67. 67. Department of Parasitology, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran
  68. 68. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
  69. 69. Department of Immunology, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
  70. 70. School of Business, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
  71. 71. Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
  72. 72. School of Indigenous Studies, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
  73. 73. School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
  74. 74. Department of Nursing, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
  75. 75. Department of Forensic Science, Government Institute of Forensic Science, Nagpur, India
  76. 76. Unit of Biochemistry, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin (Sultan Zainal Abidin University), Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia
  77. 77. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute, Chennai, India
  78. 78. Department of Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
  79. 79. Polish Mothers' Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland
  80. 80. Center for Primary Care, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  81. 81. Division of General Internal Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  82. 82. School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  83. 83. Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  84. 84. Imperial College Business School, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  85. 85. WHO Collaborating Centre for Public Health Education and Training, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  86. 86. School of Public Health, Dr D Y Patil University, Mumbai, India
  87. 87. Department of Epidemiology, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
  88. 88. Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
  89. 89. School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
  90. 90. Yale School of Public Health-Social and Behavioral Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
  91. 91. Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
  92. 92. Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
  93. 93. Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
  94. 94. The George Institute for Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
  95. 95. Department of Statistical and Computational Genomics, National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, Kalyani, India
  96. 96. Department of Statistics, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
  97. 97. Centre for Global Child Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
  98. 98. Centre of Excellence in Women & Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
  99. 99. Division of Women and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
  100. 100. Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
  101. 101. Department of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran
  102. 102. Transport and Road Safety Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  103. 103. University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
  104. 104. Department of Epidemiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
  105. 105. Cancer Population Sciences Program, University of Florida Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, FL, United States
  106. 106. Department of Community Medicine, Employee State Insurance Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Bangalore, India
  107. 107. School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
  108. 108. Al Shifa School of Public Health, Al Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
  109. 109. Institute of Microengineering, Federal Polytechnic School of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
  110. 110. Centre for Population Health Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
  111. 111. Department of Health Care, Metropolitan Autonomous University, Mexico City, Mexico
  112. 112. Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences (UCIBIO), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  113. 113. Department of Psychiatry, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
  114. 114. Center for Clinical and Epidemiological Research, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
  115. 115. Department of Internal Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
  116. 116. Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
  117. 117. Epidemiology and Public Health Evaluation Group, National University of Colombia, Bogota, Colombia
  118. 118. Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  119. 119. School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
  120. 120. Department of Public Health, Texila American University, Georgetown, Guyana
  121. 121. Department of Community Medicine, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Sawangi, India
  122. 122. Saveetha Medical College, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
  123. 123. Center for Cancer Epidemiology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Navi Mumbai, India
  124. 124. Department of Head Neck Surgery, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India
  125. 125. Department of Research, Dr D Y Patil University, Pune, India
  126. 126. Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
  127. 127. Center for Biomedicine and Community Health, VNU-International School, Hanoi, Viet Nam
  128. 128. Department of Health Informatics, University College London, London, United Kingdom
  129. 129. Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
  130. 130. Health Data Research UK, London, United Kingdom
  131. 131. IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
  132. 132. Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
  133. 133. Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
  134. 134. Department of Research, Gurugram, India
  135. 135. Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India
  136. 136. Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
  137. 137. Department of Information Technology, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
  138. 138. Department of Computer Science, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
  139. 139. Diplomacy and Public Relations Department, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
  140. 140. Asian Institute of Public Health University, Bhubaneswar, India
  141. 141. Department of Population and Development, Latin American Faculty of Social Sciences Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
  142. 142. Australian Institute for Suicide Research and Prevention, Griffith University, Mount Gravatt, QLD, Australia
  143. 143. Institute of Public health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  144. 144. School of Nursing, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  145. 145. Centre for Atmospheric Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
  146. 146. Department of Community Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
  147. 147. Health Research Section, Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal
  148. 148. Department of Microbiology, Far Western University, Mahendranagar, Nepal
  149. 149. Center of Complexity Sciences, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
  150. 150. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan Rosales, Mexico
  151. 151. Health Promotion and Education, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  152. 152. Department of Health Promotion and Education, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  153. 153. Department of Community Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  154. 154. Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  155. 155. Department of Health Policy and Management, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  156. 156. Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  157. 157. School of Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
  158. 158. Institute of Collective Health, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
  159. 159. Department of Internal Medicine, Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saude Publica, Bahiana School of Medicine and Public Health, Salvador, Brazil
  160. 160. School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, University of Science Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
  161. 161. Community Health Nursing, Universitas Airlangga (Airlangga University), Surabaya, Indonesia
  162. 162. Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Airlangga (Airlangga University), Surabaya, Indonesia
  163. 163. School of Nursing and Midwifery, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  164. 164. Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health Department, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
  165. 165. Division of Non-communicable Diseases, Ministry of Public Health and Population, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
  166. 166. Torrens University Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  167. 167. Institute of Resource Governance and Social Change, Kupang, Indonesia
  168. 168. Department of Neurobiology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
  169. 169. Division of Neurology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
  170. 170. School of International Development and Global Studies, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
  171. 171. Department of Child Dental Health, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
  172. 172. Department of Medical Parasitology, Abadan University of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran
  173. 173. Faculty of Medicine, Abadan University of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran
  174. 174. Department of Biostatistics, Abadan University of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran
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  176. 176. Department of Community Medicine, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Wardha, India
  177. 177. Global Evidence Synthesis Initiative, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Wardha, India
  178. 178. School of Public Health, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
  179. 179. Institute for Prevention of Non-communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
  180. 180. Health Services Management Department, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
  181. 181. Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
  182. 182. Afro-Asian Institute, Lahore, Pakistan
  183. 183. Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  184. 184. Centre for Heart Rhythm Disorders, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  185. 185. Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
  186. 186. Department of Dermatology, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
  187. 187. Health Informatic Lab, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
  188. 188. Department of Computer Science, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
  189. 189. Department of Family and Community Medicine, University Of Sulaimani, Sulaimani, Iraq
  190. 190. UO Neurologia, Salute Pubblica e Disabilita, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Neurology, Public Health and Disability Unit, Carlo Besta Neurological Institute, Milan, Italy
  191. 191. Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  192. 192. School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  193. 193. School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  194. 194. Department of Epidemiology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai City, China
  195. 195. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
  196. 196. Centre for Non-communicable Diseases and Nutrition, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  197. 197. Department of Preventive Cardiology, Eternal Heart Care Centre & Research Institute, Jaipur, India
  198. 198. Department of Medicine, Mahatma Gandhi University Medical Sciences, Jaipur, India
  199. 199. Department of Epidemiology and Psychosocial Research, Ramon de la Fuente Muniz National Institute of Psychiatry, Mexico City, Mexico
  200. 200. Department of Family and Community Medicine, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain
  201. 201. Department of Zoology and Entomology, Al Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
  202. 202. Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
  203. 203. Caspian Digestive Disease Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
  204. 204. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
  205. 205. Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
  206. 206. Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, Xian Jiaotong University, Xian, China
  207. 207. Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
  208. 208. Department of Nursing, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
  209. 209. Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
  210. 210. School of Business, London South Bank University, London, United Kingdom
  211. 211. Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam
  212. 212. Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
  213. 213. Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Central South University, Changsha, China
  214. 214. Department of Community Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  215. 215. Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  216. 216. Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
  217. 217. School of Public Health and Health Management, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
  218. 218. Department of Epidemiology, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
  219. 219. Tabriz, Iran
  220. 220. Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia
  221. 221. Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  222. 222. School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  223. 223. School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  224. 224. School of Health Systems and Public Health, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
  225. 225. Institute of Advanced Manufacturing Technologies, Peter the Great St Petersburg Polytechnic University, St Petersburg, Russian Federation
  226. 226. Institute of Comparative Economic Studies, Hosei University, Tokyo, Japan
  227. 227. Department of Community Medicine, Dr Baba Saheb Ambedkar Medical College & Hospital, Delhi, India
  228. 228. Department of Community Medicine, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
  229. 229. Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
  230. 230. Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, Basel, Switzerland
  231. 231. Department of Ophthalmology, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
  232. 232. School of Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
  233. 233. Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
  234. 234. Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Clinical Research, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
  235. 235. Department of Radiation Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
  236. 236. Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
  237. 237. International Research Center of Excellence, Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria
  238. 238. Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
  239. 239. Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
  240. 240. Open, Distance and eLearning Campus, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
  241. 241. Department of Psychiatry, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
  242. 242. Department of Public Health, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
  243. 243. School of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
  244. 244. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Pakistan
  245. 245. Department of Population Science, Jatiya Kabi Kazi Nazrul Islam University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
  246. 246. Faculty of Health and Wellbeing, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom
  247. 247. College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Zanesville, OH, United States
  248. 248. Department of Medical Parasitology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
  249. 249. Public Health and Community Medicine Department, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
  250. 250. The Iranian Academy of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  251. 251. Department of Public Health, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States
  252. 252. Institute of Health Services Research, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
  253. 253. Department of Preventive Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
  254. 254. College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
  255. 255. School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia
  256. 256. Department of Nutrition, Simmons University, Boston, MA, United States
  257. 257. School of Health Sciences, Kristiania University College, Oslo, Norway
  258. 258. Department of Global Community Health and Behavioral Sciences, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
  259. 259. Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
  260. 260. Department of Internal and Pulmonary Medicine, Sheri Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, India
  261. 261. Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network, San Juan de Dios Sanitary Park, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain
  262. 262. Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies, Barcelona, Spain
  263. 263. Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
  264. 264. Faculty of Public Health, University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
  265. 265. National Institute for Health Research, Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
  266. 266. Department of Community and Family Medicine, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
  267. 267. Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, United States
  268. 268. Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Father Muller Medical College, Mangalore, India
  269. 269. International Society Doctors for the Environment, Arezzo, Italy
  270. 270. Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Asia Programme, Hanoi, Viet Nam
  271. 271. Center for Integration of Data and Health Knowledge, Oswald Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil
  272. 272. Centre for Global Mental Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
  273. 273. Grants, Innovation and Product Development Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
  274. 274. Department of Public Health, Urmia University of Medical Science, Urmia, Iran
  275. 275. Environmental Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
  276. 276. Non-communicable Disease Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  277. 277. Health Policy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  278. 278. Indonesian Public Health Association, Surabaya, Indonesia
  279. 279. Campus Caucaia, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Ceara, Caucaia, Brazil
  280. 280. ICF International, Demographic and Health Surveys Program, Rockville, MD, United States
  281. 281. Department of Neurology, Janakpuri Super Specialty Hospital Society, New Delhi, India
  282. 282. Department of Neurology, Govind Ballabh Institute of Medical Education and Research, New Delhi, India
  283. 283. Peru Country Office, United Nations Population Fund, Lima, Peru
  284. 284. Department of Reproductive Health and Population Studies, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
  285. 285. Breast Surgery Unit, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
  286. 286. University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
  287. 287. University Centre Varazdin, University North, Varazdin, Croatia
  288. 288. Woman-Mother- Child Department, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
  289. 289. Internal Medicine Programme, Kyrgyz State Medical Academy, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
  290. 290. Department of Atherosclerosis and Coronary Heart Disease, National Center of Cardiology and Internal Disease, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
  291. 291. Institute of Addiction Research, Frankfurt University of Applied Sciences, Frankfurt, Germany
  292. 292. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
  293. 293. Health Systems and Policy Research Unit, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
  294. 294. Department of Community Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
  295. 295. Department of Health Care Management, Technical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
  296. 296. Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit, Burlo Garofolo Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Trieste, Italy
  297. 297. Computer, Electrical, and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
  298. 298. International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  299. 299. Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
  300. 300. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
  301. 301. Department of Fruit and Vegetable Product Technology, Waclaw Dabrowski Institute of Agricultural, Food Biotechnology State Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland
  302. 302. Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Institute of Post-Graduate Medical Education and Research, Seth Sukhlal Karnani Memorial Hospital, Kolkata, India
  303. 303. Scientific Communications Department, Invitae, Boulder, CO, United States
  304. 304. Research and Analytics Department, Initiative for Financing Health and Human Development, Chennai, India
  305. 305. Department of Research and Analytics, Bioinsilico Technologies, Chennai, India
  306. 306. Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Government Medical College Trivandrum, Trivandrum, India
  307. 307. Health Action by People, Trivandrum, India
  308. 308. Suraj Eye Institute, Nagpur, India
  309. 309. Department of Pediatrics, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
  310. 310. Department of General Surgery, Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
  311. 311. College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Gondar, Ethiopia
  312. 312. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Embu, Embu, Kenya
  313. 313. Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
  314. 314. Administrative and Economic Sciences Department, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
  315. 315. Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  316. 316. Department of Preventive Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Dongdaemun-gu, South Korea
  317. 317. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
  318. 318. Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
  319. 319. Department of Psychiatry, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
  320. 320. Centre for Healthy Start Initiative, Lagos, Nigeria
  321. 321. Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria
  322. 322. Laboratory of Public Health Indicators Analysis and Health Digitalization, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russian Federation
  323. 323. Department of Project Management, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russian Federation
  324. 324. Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara Academy of Health Education and Research, Mysore, India
  325. 325. Department of Medical Humanities and Social Medicine, Kosin University, Busan, South Korea
  326. 326. Department of Poverty, Gender and Youth, Population Council, New Delhi, India
  327. 327. Center of Excellence in Behavioral Medicine, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
  328. 328. Department of Cardiology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
  329. 329. HIV and Mental Health Department, Integrated Development Foundation Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal
  330. 330. University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
  331. 331. School of Economics and Business, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
  332. 332. School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  333. 333. Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea
  334. 334. College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
  335. 335. Department of Community Medicine, Maharishi Markandeshwar Medical College & Hospital, Solan, India
  336. 336. School of Nursing and Healthcare Professions, Federation University Australia, Berwick, VIC, Australia
  337. 337. Future Technology Research Center, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Yunlin, Taiwan
  338. 338. Research Department, Policy Research Institute, Kathmandu, Nepal
  339. 339. Health and Public Policy Department, Global Center for Research and Development, Kathmandu, Nepal
  340. 340. Department of Oral Pathology, Sharavathi Dental College and Hospital, Shivamogga, India
  341. 341. Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
  342. 342. Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
  343. 343. University College London Hospitals, London, United Kingdom
  344. 344. Academic Public Health England, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
  345. 345. School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQ University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  346. 346. School of Medicine and Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
  347. 347. Department of Health Information Management, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
  348. 348. Department of Community Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
  349. 349. Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity, Universal Scientific Education and Research Network, Tehran, Iran
  350. 350. Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
  351. 351. Department of Surgery, University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Kigali, Rwanda
  352. 352. Department of Clinical Research, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, Brazil
  353. 353. School of Medicine, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
  354. 354. African Genome Center, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), Ben Guerir, Morocco
  355. 355. Center for Research in Congenital Anomalies and Rare Diseases, ICESI University (Centro de Investigaciones en Anomalias Congenitas y Enfermedades Raras, Universidad Icesi), Cali, Colombia
  356. 356. Department of Internal Medicine, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
  357. 357. Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
  358. 358. Applied Biomedical Research Center and Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
  359. 359. Department of Public Health, Madda Walabu University, Bale Robe, Ethiopia
  360. 360. Department of Entomology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
  361. 361. Department of Neurology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
  362. 362. Thiruvananthapuram, India
  363. 363. Geriatric and Long Term Care Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
  364. 364. Faculty of Health & Social Sciences, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, United Kingdom
  365. 365. Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
  366. 366. School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
  367. 367. Public Health Division, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
  368. 368. Department of Internal Medicine, Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan
  369. 369. Karachi, Pakistan
  370. 370. School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
  371. 371. Symbiosis Medical College for Women, Symbiosis International University, Pune, India
  372. 372. Centre for Medical Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
  373. 373. National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
  374. 374. Department of Public Health Dentistry, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences Deemed to be University, Karad, India
  375. 375. School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  376. 376. Department of Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
  377. 377. School of Public Health & Zoonoses, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary & Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, India
  378. 378. Medicine Service, US Department of Veterans Affairs, Birmingham, AL, United States
  379. 379. Department of Midwifery, Dire Dawa University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
  380. 380. Department of Public Health, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
  381. 381. Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom
  382. 382. Division of Community Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
  383. 383. Occupational and Environmental Medicine Department, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
  384. 384. National Institute of Epidemiology, Indian Council of Medical Research, Chennai, India
  385. 385. Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
  386. 386. Carlos III Health Institute, Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network, Madrid, Spain
  387. 387. Cancer Control Center, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan
  388. 388. Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
  389. 389. Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, India
  390. 390. Modestum, London, United Kingdom
  391. 391. Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India
  392. 392. Clinical Cancer Research Center, Milad General Hospital, Tehran, Iran
  393. 393. Department of Microbiology, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Tehran, Iran
  394. 394. Department of Nephrology, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, India
  395. 395. Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
  396. 396. Occupational Health Unit, Sant'Orsola Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
  397. 397. Faculty of Information Technology, HUTECH University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
  398. 398. Foundation University Medical College, Foundation University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
  399. 399. Demographic Change and Aging Research Area, Federal Institute for Population Research, Wiesbaden, Germany
  400. 400. Health Services Management Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
  401. 401. Department of Health Management, Policy, and Economics, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
  402. 402. Department of Public Health, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
  403. 403. Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan
  404. 404. Department of Public Health, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
  405. 405. Department of Health Policy and Management, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, United States
  406. 406. School of Business & Economics, University Putra Maylisia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
  407. 407. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
  408. 408. School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
  409. 409. School of Public Health and Management, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
  410. 410. Maternal and Child Health Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  411. 411. School of Public Health, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
  412. 412. School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada

Source: The Lancet Global Health Published:2022


Abstract

Background: More than 3 billion people do not have access to clean energy and primarily use solid fuels to cook. Use of solid fuels generates household air pollution, which was associated with more than 2 million deaths in 2019. Although local patterns in cooking vary systematically, subnational trends in use of solid fuels have yet to be comprehensively analysed. We estimated the prevalence of solid-fuel use with high spatial resolution to explore subnational inequalities, assess local progress, and assess the effects on health in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) without universal access to clean fuels. Methods: We did a geospatial modelling study to map the prevalence of solid-fuel use for cooking at a 5 km × 5 km resolution in 98 LMICs based on 2·1 million household observations of the primary cooking fuel used from 663 population-based household surveys over the years 2000 to 2018. We use observed temporal patterns to forecast household air pollution in 2030 and to assess the probability of attaining the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) target indicator for clean cooking. We aligned our estimates of household air pollution to geospatial estimates of ambient air pollution to establish the risk transition occurring in LMICs. Finally, we quantified the effect of residual primary solid-fuel use for cooking on child health by doing a counterfactual risk assessment to estimate the proportion of deaths from lower respiratory tract infections in children younger than 5 years that could be associated with household air pollution. Findings: Although primary reliance on solid-fuel use for cooking has declined globally, it remains widespread. 593 million people live in districts where the prevalence of solid-fuel use for cooking exceeds 95%. 66% of people in LMICs live in districts that are not on track to meet the SDG target for universal access to clean energy by 2030. Household air pollution continues to be a major contributor to particulate exposure in LMICs, and rising ambient air pollution is undermining potential gains from reductions in the prevalence of solid-fuel use for cooking in many countries. We estimated that, in 2018, 205 000 (95% uncertainty interval 147 000–257 000) children younger than 5 years died from lower respiratory tract infections that could be attributed to household air pollution. Interpretation: Efforts to accelerate the adoption of clean cooking fuels need to be substantially increased and recalibrated to account for subnational inequalities, because there are substantial opportunities to improve air quality and avert child mortality associated with household air pollution. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
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