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The Concentration of Malachite Green in Fish: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Probabilistic Risk Assessment Publisher



Fakhri Y1 ; Mahmoudizeh A1 ; Hemmati F2 ; Adiban M3 ; Esfandiari Z4 ; Mousavi Khaneghah A5, 6
Authors
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Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Food Health Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
  2. 2. Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  3. 3. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
  4. 4. Nutrition and Food Security Research Center, Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
  5. 5. Faculty of Biotechnologies (BioTech), ITMO University, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
  6. 6. Halal Research Center of IRI, Iran Food and Drug Administration, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran

Source: International Journal of Environmental Health Research Published:2025


Abstract

Malachite Green (MG) is an antibiotic with antifungal activity, which is illegal to use in agriculture due to its mutagenic and teratogenic properties. Several scientific papers have been published on MG in fish. Therefore, an attempt was made to determine the meta-analysis concentration of MG in fish based on countries and types of fish subgroups, as well as the health risks of consumers, using the Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) model. The three countries with the highest concentration of MG were Iran (14.697 µg/kg), Brazil (2.840 µg/kg), and China (2.277 µg/kg). The overall pooled concentration of MG in fish was 3.036 µg/kg, 95%CI (2.860–3.212 µg/kg), and the highest concentration of MG was observed in Pacu fish (6.603 µg/kg). The health risk assessment shows adults in Malaysia, China, and Iran and children in Italy, Spain, Brazil, Malaysia, China, and Iran are at considerable risk (MOE <10,000); hence, carrying out control plans in these countries is recommended. © 2025 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.
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