Bone Dimension Relationship With Gingival Phenotype in Smokers and Nonsmokers Using Cone-Beam Computed Tomography Publisher Pubmed



Barmar S ; Torkzadeh A ; Ghaffari R ; Farhad SZ ; Aryanezhad SS
Source: Clinical Advances in Periodontics Published:2025

Abstract

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to assess the relationship of maxillary alveolar bone thickness (BT) and height (BH) with gingival phenotype (GP) in smokers and nonsmokers using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 60 participants. The participants underwent periodontal examination, and their GP was determined by placing a periodontal probe in the gingival sulcus at the midline and observing the transparency. The participants were then assigned to four groups (n = 15) based on their smoking status and GP: thin phenotype/smoker, thick phenotype/smoker, thin phenotype/nonsmoker, and thick phenotype/nonsmoker. BT and BH of the participants were measured in the sagittal plane on CBCT scans at the bone crest and at 2, 4, and 6 mm apical to the crest at the site of maxillary central and lateral incisors. Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA and LSD test (alpha = 0.05). RESULTS: The distance between the cemento-enamel junction (CEJ) of maxillary central and lateral incisors and alveolar bone crest in smokers was significantly greater than that in nonsmokers (p < 0.001). Smoking had no significant effect on alveolar BT at the crestal level or 2, 4, and 6 mm apical to the crest. BT at the crest and 2, 4, and 6 mm apical to the crest was significantly greater in thick, versus thin, GP (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Smoking significantly increased the distance between the CEJ and alveolar crest at the site of central and lateral incisors but had no significant effect on BT. PLAIN LANGUAGE SUMMARY: This study found that smoking significantly increased the distance between the cemento-enamel junction and the alveolar bone crest in maxillary incisors but did not affect alveolar bone thickness, which was greater in individuals with a thick gingival phenotype compared to those with a thin gingival phenotype. This record is sourced from MEDLINE/PubMed, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine