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Prevalence and Antibiotic Resistance of Clostridioides (Clostridium Difficile) in Meat and Meat Products: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Summary: Meta-analysis shows low C. difficile prevalence in meat, with high resistance to ciprofloxacin but low to metronidazole. #ClostridioidesDifficile #AntibioticResistance

Esfandiari Z1 ; Shoaei P2 ; Vakili B3 ; Farajzadegan Z4 ; Tarrahi MJ5 ; Emami Z6 ; Fakhri Y7 ; Weese JS8 ; Mahmudiono T9
Authors

Source: Iranian Journal of Public Health Published:2023

Abstract

Background: Meat and meat products are introduced as one of the frequent sources of Clostridioides difficile. We aimed to determine the prevalence and antibiotic resistance of C. difficile isolates in meat and meat products using a systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods: A literature search was performed in the primary international and bibliographic databases such as MEDLINE (PubMed), Cochrane Library, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science to achieve all articles related to the prevalence and antibiotic resistance rates from 2007 to 2022. Results: The 278 retrieved articles were reduced to 54 worldwide eligible studies after screening and matching inclusion/ exclusion criteria. C. difficile was examined in different types of samples and its resistance to 10 antibi-otics. The pooled prevalence of C. difficile was 3.4% in all samples. C. difficile pooled prevalence was detected in fish, poultry, and red meat groups with 6.9%, 5.2%, and 3.2%, respectively. Regarding antibiotic resistance, the highest pooled prevalence was for ciprofloxacin (86.6%), followed by clindamycin (42.6%) and erythromycin (34%). The lowest pooled prevalence was observed in metronidazole (7.6%), vancomycin (6.6%), and chloram-phenicol (6%). Conclusion: Low resistance was found to commonly used drugs for C. difficile infection (CDI) treatment. Since each antibiotic can be predisposing cause for CDI development, this finding possibly will be warning from a One Health viewpoint about the misuse of antibiotics in the chain of farm to fork including agriculture, animal husbandry and the food industry and also their injudicious use in medicine. © 2023 Esfandiari et al. Published by Tehran University of Medical Sciences.
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