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Prevalence of Latent Tuberculosis Infection and Hiv Among People Who Inject Drugs in Iran Publisher Pubmed



Radfar SR1, 2 ; Nematollahi P3 ; Tayeri K4 ; Dehghan H5 ; Janani M6, 7 ; Higgs P8, 9 ; Mohsenifar S10 ; Noroozi A7, 11
Authors
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Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Substance Abuse and Dependence Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  2. 2. UCLA Integrated Substance Abuse Programs, Los Angeles, United States
  3. 3. Department of Pathology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
  4. 4. Iranian Research Center of HIV and AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  5. 5. Consultation Center for Secondary Researches, Data Mining, and Knowledge Transfer in Health and Medical Sciences, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
  6. 6. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  7. 7. Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  8. 8. Department of Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
  9. 9. Burnet Institute, Behaviours and Health Risks, Melbourne, Australia
  10. 10. United Nations Office of Drug and Crime, Tehran, Iran
  11. 11. Department of Neuroscience and Addiction Studies, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

Source: Drug and Alcohol Review Published:2021


Abstract

Introduction: Iran has an human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV) epidemic that is concentrated among people who inject drugs (PWID), who have higher risks of progression from latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) to active disease. The aim of this study is to measure prevalence of LTBI, HIV infection and any risk behaviors among PWID in Iran. Methods: The cross-sectional study was conducted from August to December 2013 in six cities across Iran. A total of 420 PWID were recruited from drop-in centres using convenience sampling. Trained interviewers collected data on socio-demographic characteristics, drug use history and drug-related risk behaviors across the study sites. A tuberculin skin test (TST) was performed, and HIV infection was assessed by a rapid test. Multivariable modified Poisson regression and logistic regression were used for data analysis. Results: Prevalence of positive TST and HIV positivity was 35.7% and 8.6%, respectively. The prevalence of LTBI and HIV was significantly different across the cities of this study. Positive TST was independently associated with older age (APR 1.03, 95% CI 1.01, 1.05) and being HIV positive (APR 1.89, 95% CI 1.45, 2.47). HIV infection was associated with lifetime history of sharing syringes (AOR 3.28, 95% CI 1.44, 10.71) and lifetime number of imprisonment (AOR 1.09, 95% CI 1.03–1.14). Discussion and Conclusions: Prevalence of LTBI infections among PWID is high and independently associated with HIV infection. Given that there are currently no TB services available within drop-in centres, programs which integrate TB case finding, TB preventive therapy, referral and care services for PWID are urgently needed. © 2020 Australasian Professional Society on Alcohol and other Drugs
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