Exploring the Retirees’ Needs and Determinants of Their Adjustment During Retirement: A Qualitative Study Guided by Bronfenbrenner’S Ecological Model Publisher Pubmed



Shoushtarimoghaddam E ; Kaveh MH ; Karimi M ; Tarrahi MJ ; Soltani E
Source: BMC Public Health Published:2025

Abstract

Background: Retirement is a major life transition that introduces various bio-psycho-socio-spiritual challenges, requiring individuals to adapt to new financial, social, and existential realities. While previous studies have examined specific aspects of retirees’ needs, a comprehensive understanding of the factors influencing retirement adjustment remains limited. This study explores retirees’ needs and determinants of adjustment using Bronfenbrenner’s ecological model as a guiding framework. Methods: This qualitative study employed a directed qualitative content analysis approach, utilizing semi-structured in-depth interviews and focus group discussions with 42 key informants. Data were analyzed using Graneheim and Lundman’s qualitative content analysis framework, identifying key themes and categories. Results: A total of 152 codes were categorized into Bronfenbrenner’s ecological model levels. At the microsystem level, retirees focus on financial stability, health, and social well-being. The mesosystem highlighted the role of family, social groups, and community support. The exosystem involved institutions such as retirement offices, healthcare providers, and media in shaping retirees’ experiences. The macrosystem reflected societal norms, economic policies, and cultural expectations influencing adjustment. Finally, the chronosystem captured the impact of life transitions, technological changes, and evolving social roles on long-term adaptation. Conclusions: Few studies using ecological systems theories, such as Bronfenbrenner’s model, have explored the interrelationships of determinants at different levels to improve retirees’ health, likely due to gaps in understanding the context and methodological approaches. This study paves the way for more systematic and operational research based on an ecological approach by examining the determinants of retirement adjustment and their interrelated relationships across levels. © 2025 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.