Isfahan University of Medical Sciences

Science Communicator Platform

Stay connected! Follow us on X network (Twitter):
Share this content! On (X network) By
Global Investments in Pandemic Preparedness and Covid-19: Development Assistance and Domestic Spending on Health Between 1990 and 2026 Publisher Pubmed



Micah AE1 ; Bhangdia K1 ; Cogswell IE1 ; Lasher D1 ; Lidralporter B1 ; Maddison ER1 ; Nguyen TNN1 ; Patel N1 ; Pedroza P1 ; Solorio J1 ; Stutzman H1 ; Tsakalos G1 ; Wang Y1 ; Warriner W1 Show All Authors
Authors
  1. Micah AE1
  2. Bhangdia K1
  3. Cogswell IE1
  4. Lasher D1
  5. Lidralporter B1
  6. Maddison ER1
  7. Nguyen TNN1
  8. Patel N1
  9. Pedroza P1
  10. Solorio J1
  11. Stutzman H1
  12. Tsakalos G1
  13. Wang Y1
  14. Warriner W1
  15. Zhao Y1, 4
  16. Zlavog BS1
  17. Abbafati C5
  18. Abbas J6
  19. Abbasikangevari M7
  20. Abbasikangevari Z7, 20
  21. Abdelmasseh M25
  22. Abdulah DM26
  23. Abedi A28, 29
  24. Abegaz KH32, 33
  25. Abhilash ES34
  26. Aboagye RG35
  27. Abolhassani H8, 39
  28. Abrigo MRM40
  29. Abubaker Ali H41
  30. Abugharbieh E44
  31. Adem MH46
  32. Afzal MS49
  33. Ahmadi A21, 50
  34. Ahmed H51
  35. Ahmed Rashid T52
  36. Aji B53
  37. Akbarialiabad H54
  38. Akelew Y58
  39. Al Hamad H60
  40. Alam K61
  41. Alanezi FM63
  42. Alanzi TM62
  43. Alhanawi MK64, 65
  44. Alhassan RK36
  45. Aljunid SM67, 68
  46. Almustanyir S69, 70
  47. Alraddadi RM66
  48. Alvisguzman N71, 73
  49. Alviszakzuk NJ72, 74
  50. Amare AT47, 75
  51. Ameyaw EK78
  52. Aminirarani M79
  53. Amu H37
  54. Ancuceanu R82
  55. Andrei T85
  56. Anwar SL87
  57. Appiah F88, 89
  58. Aqeel M90
  59. Arabloo J91
  60. Arabzozani M95
  61. Aravkin AY1, 2, 3
  62. Aremu O97
  63. Aruleba RT98
  64. Athari SS101
  65. Avilaburgos L102
  66. Ayanore MA38, 105
  67. Azari S92
  68. Baig AA106
  69. Bantie AT107
  70. Barrow A109, 110
  71. Baskaran P111
  72. Basu S116, 119
  73. Batiha AMM123
  74. Baune BT124, 125
  75. Berezvai Z126, 127
  76. Bhardwaj N112
  77. Bhardwaj P111, 113
  78. Bhaskar S128, 129
  79. Boachie MK38, 130
  80. Bodolica V131
  81. Botelho JSB132
  82. Braithwaite D133, 135
  83. Breitborde NJK136, 137
  84. Busse R139
  85. Cahuanahurtado L140
  86. Catalalopez F141, 142
  87. Chansa C143, 144
  88. Charan J114
  89. Chattu VK145, 146
  90. Chen S144
  91. Chukwu IS147
  92. Dadras O148, 149
  93. Dandona L1, 3, 150, 151
  94. Dandona R1, 150
  95. Dargahi A152
  96. Debela SA154
  97. Denovagutierrez E103
  98. Desye B108
  99. Dharmaratne SD1, 3, 155
  100. Diao N117
  101. Doan LP156, 157
  102. Dodangeh M93
  103. Dos Santos WM159, 160
  104. Doshmangir L161
  105. Dube J165
  106. Eini E166
  107. El Sayed Zaki M169
  108. El Tantawi M170
  109. Enyew DB171
  110. Eskandarieh S9
  111. Ezati Asar M173
  112. Fagbamigbe AF174, 177
  113. Faraon EJA178
  114. Fatehizadeh A80
  115. Fattahi H179
  116. Fekadu G180, 181
  117. Fischer F182
  118. Foigt NA183
  119. Fowobaje KR174, 184
  120. Freitas A185, 187
  121. Fukumoto T188
  122. Fullman N1
  123. Gaal PA189, 190
  124. Gamkrelidze A192
  125. Garciagordillo MA193
  126. Gebrehiwot M194
  127. Gerema U195
  128. Ghafourifard M162
  129. Ghamari SH7, 20
  130. Ghanbari R196
  131. Ghashghaee A197
  132. Gholamrezanezhad A30
  133. Golechha M200
  134. Golinelli D201
  135. Goshu YA202
  136. Goyomsa GG203
  137. Guha A138, 204
  138. Gunawardane DA206
  139. Gupta B207
  140. Hamidi S208
  141. Harapan H209
  142. Hashempour R22
  143. Hayat K210, 211
  144. Heidari G212
  145. Herediapi I102
  146. Herteliu C85, 213
  147. Heyi DZ214
  148. Hezam K215, 216
  149. Hiraike Y217
  150. Hlongwa MM218
  151. Holla R220
  152. Hoque ME223
  153. Hosseinzadeh M42, 158
  154. Hostiuc S83, 226
  155. Hussain S227, 228
  156. Ilesanmi OS175, 229
  157. Immurana M36
  158. Iradukunda A231, 232
  159. Ismail NE233
  160. Isola G234
  161. Merin J L235
  162. Jakovljevic M236, 237
  163. Jalili M238
  164. Janodia MD221
  165. Javaheri T239
  166. Jayapal SK241
  167. Jemere DM242
  168. Joo T189
  169. Joseph N247
  170. Jozwiak JJ250
  171. Jurisson M251
  172. Kaambwa B243, 244
  173. Kadashetti V252
  174. Kadel R253
  175. Kadir DH254
  176. Kalankesh LR255
  177. Kamath R222, 256
  178. Kandel H224, 257
  179. Kantar RS258, 259
  180. Karanth SD134
  181. Karaye IM260
  182. Karimi SE163
  183. Kassa BG202
  184. Kayode GA261, 262
  185. Keikavoosiarani L263
  186. Keshri VR264, 265
  187. Keskin C267
  188. Khader YS268
  189. Khafaie MA167
  190. Khajuria H269
  191. Khayat Kashani HR23
  192. Kifle ZD270
  193. Kim H273
  194. Kim J274
  195. Kim MS276, 277
  196. Kim YJ278
  197. Kisa A279, 280
  198. Kohler S144
  199. Kompani F10
  200. Kosen S281
  201. Koulmane Laxminarayana SL282
  202. Koyanagi A283, 284
  203. Krishan K285
  204. Kusuma D286, 287
  205. Lam J189, 288
  206. Lamnisos D289
  207. Larsson AO290, 291
  208. Lee SW292
  209. Lee SWH293, 294
  210. Lee WC295
  211. Lee YH275
  212. Lenzi J201
  213. Lim LL297, 298
  214. Lorenzovici L299, 300
  215. Lozano R1, 3
  216. Machado VSM301
  217. Madadizadeh F302
  218. Magdy Abd El Razek M303
  219. Mahmoudi R198
  220. Majeed A120
  221. Malekpour MR7
  222. Manda AL84, 304
  223. Mansouri B305
  224. Mansournia MA11
  225. Mantovani LG307, 308
  226. Marrugo Arnedo CA73, 309
  227. Martorell M310, 311
  228. Masoud A312
  229. Mathews E313
  230. Maude RJ4, 314
  231. Mechili EA315, 316
  232. Mehrabi Nasab E12
  233. Mendes JJM132
  234. Meretoja A317, 319
  235. Meretoja TJ318, 321
  236. Mesregah MK322
  237. Mestrovic T1, 323
  238. Mirica A85
  239. Mirrakhimov EM324, 325
  240. Mirutse MK326
  241. Mirza M327
  242. Mirzaaghazadehattari M164, 328
  243. Misganaw A3, 329
  244. Moccia M330
  245. Moghadasi J331
  246. Mohammadi E13, 333
  247. Mohammadi M334
  248. Mohammadianhafshejani A50
  249. Mohammadshahi M14
  250. Mohammed S139, 335
  251. Mohseni M81, 94
  252. Mokdad AH1, 3
  253. Monasta L336
  254. Mossialos E121, 337
  255. Mostafavi E338, 339
  256. Mousavi Isfahani H94
  257. Mpundukaambwa C245
  258. Murthy S340
  259. Muthupandian S341, 342
  260. Nagarajan AJ344, 345
  261. Naidoo KS219, 266
  262. Naimzada MD346, 347
  263. Nangia V348
  264. Naqvi AA349
  265. Nayak BP269
  266. Ndejjo R350
  267. Nguyen TH156, 157
  268. Noroozi N15
  269. Noubiap JJ76
  270. Nuruzzaman KM225, 351
  271. Nzoputam CI352
  272. Nzoputam OJ353, 354
  273. Oancea B355
  274. Obi FCA357, 359
  275. Ogunkoya A360
  276. Oh IH361
  277. Okonji OC362
  278. Olagunju AT363, 365
  279. Olagunju TO364
  280. Olakunde BO366
  281. Omar Bali A43
  282. Onwujekwe OE358
  283. Opio JN77, 367
  284. Otoiu A85
  285. Otstavnov N346
  286. Otstavnov SS346, 368
  287. Owolabi MO176, 230
  288. Palicz T189, 246
  289. Palladino R120, 370
  290. Pana A371, 372
  291. Parekh T373
  292. Pasupula DK374
  293. Patel J375, 377
  294. Patton GC320, 378
  295. Paudel U379, 380
  296. Paun M356, 381
  297. Pawar S382
  298. Perna S383
  299. Perumalsamy N384, 385
  300. Petcu IR85
  301. Piracha ZZ386
  302. Poursadeqiyan M153
  303. Pourtaheri N387
  304. Prada SI388, 389
  305. Rafiei S199
  306. Raghav PR111
  307. Rahim F390
  308. Rahman MHU391
  309. Rahman M392
  310. Rahmani AM393
  311. Ranabhat CL394, 395
  312. Raru TB396
  313. Rashedi S16, 332
  314. Rashidi MM7, 20
  315. Ravangard R55
  316. Rawaf S120, 397
  317. Rawassizadeh R240
  318. Redwan EM398, 399
  319. Renzaho AMN400, 401
  320. Rezaei M96
  321. Rezaei N7
  322. Riaz MA402
  323. Rodriguez JAB403
  324. Saad AMA404
  325. Saddik B45
  326. Sadeghian S405
  327. Saeb MR406
  328. Saeed U386, 407
  329. Sahu M1
  330. Saki M168
  331. Salamati P17
  332. Salari H408
  333. Salehi S31
  334. Samy AM409
  335. Sanabria J25, 205
  336. Sanmarchi F201
  337. Santos JV186, 410
  338. Santricmilicevic MM411, 412
  339. Sao Jose BP413
  340. Sarikhani Y56, 414
  341. Sathian B59, 415
  342. Satpathy M416, 417
  343. Savic M418
  344. Sayadi Y305, 419
  345. Schwendicke F420
  346. Senthilkumaran S421
  347. Sepanlou SG18, 57
  348. Servanmori E104
  349. Setshegetso N422
  350. Seylani A423
  351. Shahabi S56
  352. Shaikh MA424
  353. Shakhmardanov MZ425
  354. Shanawaz M426
  355. Sharew MMS271
  356. Sharew NT427, 428
  357. Sharma R429
  358. Shayan M15, 24
  359. Sheikh A118, 376
  360. Shenoy SM430
  361. Shetty A248
  362. Shetty PH249
  363. Shivakumar KM431
  364. Silva LMLR432, 433
  365. Simegn W272
  366. Singh JA434, 435
  367. Singh K115
  368. Skhvitaridze N191, 436
  369. Skryabin VY437, 438
  370. Skryabina AA425
  371. Socea B84, 440
  372. Solomon Y441
  373. Song S442
  374. Stefan SC86
  375. Suleman M443, 444
  376. Tabaresseisdedos R445, 446
  377. Tat NY447, 448
  378. Tat VY296
  379. Tefera B172
  380. Tichopad A449
  381. Tobegai R450
  382. Tovanipalone MR343, 451
  383. Tudor Car L452
  384. Tufa DG154
  385. Vasankari TJ453, 454
  386. Vasic M455
  387. Vervoort D456
  388. Vlassov V369
  389. Vo B457
  390. Vu LG156, 157
  391. Waheed Y458
  392. Wamai RG459, 460
  393. Wang C461
  394. Wassie GT48
  395. Wickramasinghe ND462
  396. Yaya S122, 463
  397. Yigit A464
  398. Yigit V464
  399. Yonemoto N465, 466
  400. Younis MZ467, 468
  401. Yu C469
  402. Yunusa I471
  403. Zaki L472
  404. Zaman BA27
  405. Zangeneh A306
  406. Zare Dehnavi A19
  407. Zastrozhin MS439, 473
  408. Zeng W474
  409. Zhang ZJ470
  410. Zuhlke LJ99, 100
  411. Zuniga YMH475, 476
  412. Hay SI1, 3
  413. Murray CJL1, 3
  414. Dieleman JL1, 3
Show Affiliations
Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  2. 2. Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  3. 3. Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  4. 4. Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
  5. 5. Department of Juridical and Economic Studies, La Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
  6. 6. Antai College of Economics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
  7. 7. Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  8. 8. Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  9. 9. Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  10. 10. Children’s Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  11. 11. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  12. 12. Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  13. 13. Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  14. 14. National Institute for Health Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  15. 15. Department of Pharmacology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  16. 16. Department of Cardiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  17. 17. Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  18. 18. Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  19. 19. Department of Neurology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  20. 20. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  21. 21. Department of Epidemiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  22. 22. Department of Health Economics and Statistics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  23. 23. Department of Neurosurgery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  24. 24. Ophthalmic Research Center (ORC), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  25. 25. Department of Surgery, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States
  26. 26. Community and Maternity Nursing Unit, University of Duhok, Duhok, Iraq
  27. 27. Department of Pharmacology, University of Duhok, Duhok, Iraq
  28. 28. Department of Neurosurgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
  29. 29. Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
  30. 30. Department of Radiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
  31. 31. Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
  32. 32. Department of Biostatistics, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus
  33. 33. Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, Madda Walabu University, Bale Robe, Ethiopia
  34. 34. Department of Botany, Sree Narayana Guru College Chelannur, Kozhikode, India
  35. 35. Department of Family and Community Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
  36. 36. Institute of Health Research, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
  37. 37. Department of Population and Behavioural Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
  38. 38. Department of Health Policy Planning and Management, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
  39. 39. Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
  40. 40. Department of Research, Philippine Institute for Development Studies, Quezon City, Philippines
  41. 41. Department of Banking and Finance, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
  42. 42. Department of Computer Science, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
  43. 43. Diplomacy and Public Relations Department, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
  44. 44. Clinical Sciences Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
  45. 45. Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
  46. 46. Health Systems Management and Health Economics, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
  47. 47. College of Medicine and Health Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
  48. 48. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
  49. 49. Department of Life Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
  50. 50. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
  51. 51. Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
  52. 52. Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Kurdistan Hewler, Erbil, Iraq
  53. 53. Faculty of Medicine and Public Health, Jenderal Soedirman University, Purwokerto, Indonesia
  54. 54. Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  55. 55. Department of Health Services Management, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  56. 56. Health Policy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  57. 57. Non-communicable Disease Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  58. 58. Medical Laboratory Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
  59. 59. Geriatric and Long Term Care Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
  60. 60. Rumailah Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
  61. 61. Murdoch Business School, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
  62. 62. Health Information Management and Technology Department, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
  63. 63. Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
  64. 64. Department of Health Services and Hospital Administration, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
  65. 65. Health Economics Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
  66. 66. Department of Community Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
  67. 67. Department of Health Policy and Management, Kuwait University, Kuwait
  68. 68. International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, National University of Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Malaysia
  69. 69. College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  70. 70. Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  71. 71. Research Group in Hospital Management and Health Policies, Universidad de la Costa (University of the Coast), Barranquilla, Colombia
  72. 72. Department of Economic Sciences, Universidad de la Costa (University of the Coast), Barranquilla, Colombia
  73. 73. Research Group in Health Economics, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
  74. 74. National Health Observatory, National Institute of Health, Bogota, Colombia
  75. 75. School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  76. 76. Centre for Heart Rhythm Disorders, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  77. 77. Joanna Briggs Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  78. 78. School of Graduate Studies, Lingnan University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
  79. 79. Health Management and Economics Reasearch Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
  80. 80. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
  81. 81. Department of Health Services Management, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
  82. 82. Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  83. 83. Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  84. 84. Department of General Surgery, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  85. 85. Department of Statistics and Econometrics, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania
  86. 86. Management Department, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania
  87. 87. Surgery, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
  88. 88. Department of Social Sciences, Berekum College of Education, Berekum, Ghana
  89. 89. School of Public Health, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
  90. 90. Department of Psychology, Foundation University Islamabad, Rawalpandi, Pakistan
  91. 91. Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  92. 92. Hospital Management Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  93. 93. School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  94. 94. Department of Health Services Management, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  95. 95. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
  96. 96. Medical Toxicology & Drug Abuse Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
  97. 97. Department of Public Health, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
  98. 98. Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
  99. 99. Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
  100. 100. Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
  101. 101. Department of Immunology, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
  102. 102. Center for Health Systems Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
  103. 103. Center for Nutrition and Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
  104. 104. Center for Health System Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
  105. 105. Department of Health Economics, Centre for Health Policy Advocacy Innovation & Research in Africa (CHPAIR-Africa), Accra, Ghana
  106. 106. University Institute of Public Health, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
  107. 107. Department of Anesthesiology, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia
  108. 108. Department of Public Health, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia
  109. 109. Department of Public & Environmental Health, University of The Gambia, Brikama, Gambia
  110. 110. Epidemiology and Disease Control Unit, Ministry of Health, Kotu, Gambia
  111. 111. Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
  112. 112. Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
  113. 113. School of Public Health, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
  114. 114. Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
  115. 115. Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
  116. 116. Center for Primary Care, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  117. 117. Department of Environmental Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  118. 118. Division of General Internal Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  119. 119. School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  120. 120. Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  121. 121. Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  122. 122. The George Institute for Global Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  123. 123. Faculty of Nursing, Philadelphia University, Amman, Jordan
  124. 124. Department of Psychiatry, University of Munster, Munster, Germany
  125. 125. Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Medical School, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  126. 126. Institute of Marketing, Corvinus University of Budapest, Budapest, Hungary
  127. 127. Competition Economics and Market Research Section, Hungarian Competition Authority, Budapest, Hungary
  128. 128. Global Health Neurology Lab, NSW Brain Clot Bank, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  129. 129. Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, South West Sydney Local Heath District and Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  130. 130. SAMRC Centre for Health Economics and Decision Science - PRICELESS SA, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
  131. 131. School of Business Administration, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
  132. 132. Clinical Research Unit, Centro de Investigacao Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz, Almada, Portugal
  133. 133. Department of Epidemiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
  134. 134. UF Health Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
  135. 135. Cancer Population Sciences Program, University of Florida Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, FL, United States
  136. 136. Psychiatry and Behavioral Health Department, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
  137. 137. Department of Psychology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
  138. 138. Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
  139. 139. Department of Health Care Management, Technical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
  140. 140. School of Public Health and Administration, Peruvian University Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
  141. 141. National School of Public Health, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
  142. 142. Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
  143. 143. Health, Nutrition and Population Global Practice, World Bank, Lusaka, Zambia
  144. 144. Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
  145. 145. Department of Community Medicine, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Sawangi, India
  146. 146. Saveetha Medical College, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
  147. 147. Department of Paediatric Surgery, Federal Medical Centre, Umuahia, Nigeria
  148. 148. Section Global Health and Rehabilitation, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway
  149. 149. Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
  150. 150. Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India
  151. 151. Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
  152. 152. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Science, Ardabil, Iran
  153. 153. Department of Occupational Health and safety Engineering, Ardabil University of Medical Science, Ardabil, Iran
  154. 154. School of Public Health, Salale University, Fiche, Ethiopia
  155. 155. Department of Community Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
  156. 156. Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam
  157. 157. Faculty of Medicine, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam
  158. 158. Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam
  159. 159. Responsabilidade Social (Social Responsibility), Hospital Alemao Oswaldo Cruz, Sao Paulo, Brazil
  160. 160. Brazilian Centre for Evidence-based Healthcare: An Affiliate Centre of the Joanna Briggs Institute, Joanna Briggs Institute, Sao Paulo, Brazil
  161. 161. Department of Health Policy and Management, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  162. 162. Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  163. 163. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  164. 164. Department of Radiology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  165. 165. Office of Institutional Analysis, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
  166. 166. Department of Orthodontics, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
  167. 167. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
  168. 168. Department of Microbiology, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
  169. 169. Clinical Pathology Department, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
  170. 170. Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health Department, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
  171. 171. Department of Health informatics, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
  172. 172. Public Health and Health Policy, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
  173. 173. Department of Health Education & Health Promotion, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
  174. 174. Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  175. 175. Department of Community Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  176. 176. Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  177. 177. Population and Behavioural Sciences Division, St Andrews University, St Andrews, United Kingdom
  178. 178. Department of Health Policy and Administration, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
  179. 179. Centre for Primary Health Care Network Management, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
  180. 180. School of Pharmacy, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
  181. 181. Department of Pharmacy, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
  182. 182. Institute of Public Health, Charite Universitatsmedizin Berlin (Charite Medical University Berlin), Berlin, Germany
  183. 183. Institute of Gerontology, National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
  184. 184. Child Survival Unit, Centre for African Newborn Health and Nutrition, Ibadan, Nigeria
  185. 185. Department of Community Medicine, Information, and Health Decision Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  186. 186. Center for Health Technology and Services Research, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  187. 187. Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Porto, Portugal
  188. 188. Department of Dermatology, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
  189. 189. Health Services Management Training Centre, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
  190. 190. Department of Applied Social Sciences, Sapientia Hungarian University of Transylvania, Targu-Mures, Romania
  191. 191. Medical Statistics Department, National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia
  192. 192. National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia
  193. 193. Faculty of Business and Management, Universidad Autonoma de Chile (Autonomous University of Chile), Talca, Chile
  194. 194. Department of Environmental Health, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
  195. 195. Department of Public Health, Jimma University, Oromia, Jimma, Ethiopia
  196. 196. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
  197. 197. School of Public Health, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
  198. 198. Department of Food Hygiene and Safety, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
  199. 199. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
  200. 200. Health Systems and Policy Research, Indian Institute of Public Health, Gandhinagar, India
  201. 201. Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
  202. 202. Midwifery Department, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
  203. 203. Public Health Department, Salale University, Fitche, Ethiopia
  204. 204. Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
  205. 205. Department of Nutrition and Preventive Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
  206. 206. Department of Community Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Kandy, Sri Lanka
  207. 207. Department of Public Health, Torrens University Australia, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  208. 208. School of Health and Environmental Studies, Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
  209. 209. Medical Research Unit, Syiah Kuala University (Universitas Syiah Kuala), Banda Aceh, Indonesia
  210. 210. Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
  211. 211. Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, Xian Jiaotong University, Xian, China
  212. 212. Santa Clara, CA, United States
  213. 213. School of Business, London South Bank University, London, United Kingdom
  214. 214. Public Health, Enviromental Health, Epidemiology and Health Education Department, Madda Walabu University, Robe, Goba Town, Ethiopia
  215. 215. Department of Applied Microbiology, Taiz University, Taiz, Yemen
  216. 216. Department of Microbiology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
  217. 217. Division for Health Service Promotion, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
  218. 218. School of Nursing and Public Health Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
  219. 219. Discipline of Optometry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
  220. 220. Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
  221. 221. Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
  222. 222. Prasanna School of Public health, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
  223. 223. NHMRC Clinical Trial Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  224. 224. Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  225. 225. Department of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  226. 226. Clinical Legal Medicine Department, National Institute of Legal Medicine Mina Minovici, Bucharest, Romania
  227. 227. Czech National Centre for Evidence-Based Healthcare and Knowledge Translation, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
  228. 228. Institute of Biostatistics and Analyses, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
  229. 229. Department of Community Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  230. 230. Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  231. 231. Department of Medicine, University of Burundi, Burundi, Burundi
  232. 232. ARNECH Research and Consulting Office, Bujumbura, Burundi
  233. 233. Department of Clinical Pharmacy, MAHSA University, Bandar Saujana Putra, Malaysia
  234. 234. Department of General Surgery and Surgical-Medical Specialties, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
  235. 235. Department of Orthodontics & Dentofacial Orthopedics, Dr. D. Y. Patil University, Pune, India
  236. 236. Institute of Advanced Manufacturing Technologies, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
  237. 237. Institute of Comparative Economic Studies, Hosei University, Tokyo, Japan
  238. 238. Department of Microbiology, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
  239. 239. Health Informatic Lab, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
  240. 240. Department of Computer Science, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
  241. 241. Centre of Studies and Research, Ministry of Health, Muscat, Oman
  242. 242. Caring Futures Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  243. 243. Health Economics Unit, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  244. 244. College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  245. 245. Health and Social Care Economics Group, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  246. 246. Hungarian Health Management Association, Budapest, Hungary
  247. 247. Department of Community Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
  248. 248. Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
  249. 249. Department of Forensic Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
  250. 250. Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Opole, Opole, Poland
  251. 251. Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
  252. 252. Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Forensic Odontology, Krishna institute of Medical Sciences Deemed to be University, Karad, India
  253. 253. Policy, Research, and International Development Directorate, Public Health Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom
  254. 254. Department of Statistics, Salahaddin University, Erbil, Iraq
  255. 255. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
  256. 256. Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
  257. 257. Sydney Eye Hospital, South Eastern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  258. 258. The Hansjorg Wyss Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Nab’a Al-Hayat Foundation for Medical Sciences and Health Care, New York, NY, United States
  259. 259. Cleft Lip and Palate Surgery, Global Smile Foundation, Norwood, MA, United States
  260. 260. School of Health Professions and Human Services, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, United States
  261. 261. International Research Center of Excellence, Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria
  262. 262. Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
  263. 263. Department of Healthcare Services Management, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
  264. 264. Injury Division, The George Institute for Global Health, India, New Delhi, India
  265. 265. The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  266. 266. School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  267. 267. Vocational Higher School of Healthcare Studies, Mardin Artuklu University, Mardin, Turkey
  268. 268. Department of Public Health, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
  269. 269. Amity Institute of Forensic Sciences, Amity University, Noida, India
  270. 270. Department of Pharmacology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  271. 271. Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  272. 272. Social and Administrative Pharmacy, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  273. 273. College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
  274. 274. Department of Preventive Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
  275. 275. Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
  276. 276. Department of Genomics and Digital Health, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology (SAIHST), Seoul, South Korea
  277. 277. Public Health Center, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Wando, South Korea
  278. 278. School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia
  279. 279. School of Health Sciences, Kristiania University College, Oslo, Norway
  280. 280. Department of International Health and Sustainable Development, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
  281. 281. Jakarta, Indonesia
  282. 282. Kasturba Medical College, Udupi, India
  283. 283. Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CIBERSAM), San Juan de Dios Sanitary Park, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain
  284. 284. Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
  285. 285. Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
  286. 286. Department of Health Services Research and Management, City University of London, London, United Kingdom
  287. 287. Faculty of Public Health, University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
  288. 288. NEVES Society for Patient Safety, NEVES Society for Patient Safety, Budapest, Hungary
  289. 289. Department of Health Sciences, European University Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
  290. 290. Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
  291. 291. Department of Clinical Chemistry and Pharmacology, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
  292. 292. Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning Lab, Gachon University, Seongnam, South Korea
  293. 293. School of Pharmacy, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
  294. 294. School of Pharmacy, Taylor’s University Lakeside Campus, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
  295. 295. The Office of Health Policy & Legislative Affairs, University of Texas, Galveston, TX, United States
  296. 296. Department of Pathology, University of Texas, Galveston, TX, United States
  297. 297. Department of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
  298. 298. Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, NT, Shatin, Hong Kong
  299. 299. Health Economics Department, Syreon Research Romania, Targu Mures, Romania
  300. 300. Department of Doctoral Studies, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology from Targu Mures, Tirgu Mures, Romania
  301. 301. Clinical Research Unit, Centro de Investigacao Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (Egas Moniz Interdisciplinary Research Center), Monte da Caparica, Portugal
  302. 302. Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Yazd University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
  303. 303. Ophthalmology Department, Ministry of Health & Population, Aswan, Egypt
  304. 304. General Surgery Department I, Emergency University Hospital Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
  305. 305. Substance Abuse Prevention Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  306. 306. Social Development and Health Promotion Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  307. 307. School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan Bicocca, Monza, Italy
  308. 308. Laboratory of Public Health, Instituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS (Italian Auxological Institute), Milan, Italy
  309. 309. Department of Health Economics, Mayor University, Cartagena, Colombia
  310. 310. Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
  311. 311. Centre for Healthy Living, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
  312. 312. Health Foresight and Innovation Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
  313. 313. Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, India
  314. 314. Epidemiology Department, Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Bangkok, Thailand
  315. 315. Department of Healthcare, University of Vlora, Vlora City, Albania
  316. 316. Clinic of Social and Family Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
  317. 317. Neurology Unit, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
  318. 318. Breast Surgery Unit, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
  319. 319. School of Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  320. 320. Department of Pediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  321. 321. University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
  322. 322. Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, Egypt
  323. 323. University Centre Varazdin, University North, Varazdin, Croatia
  324. 324. Internal Medicine Programme, Kyrgyz State Medical Academy, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
  325. 325. Department of Atherosclerosis and Coronary Heart Disease, National Center of Cardiology and Internal Disease, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
  326. 326. Office of the Minster, Federal Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  327. 327. Department of Hospital Administration, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda, India
  328. 328. Social Determinants of Health Center, Urmia University of Medical Science, Urmia, Iran
  329. 329. National Data Management Center for Health, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  330. 330. Department of Neurosciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
  331. 331. Department of Higher Education Management, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
  332. 332. Department of Epidemiology, Tehran, Iran
  333. 333. Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center (NCDRC), Tehran, Iran
  334. 334. Department of Information Technology, Lebanese French University, Erbil, Iraq
  335. 335. Health Systems and Policy Research Unit, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
  336. 336. Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit, Burlo Garofolo Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Trieste, Italy
  337. 337. Health Policy, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, United Kingdom
  338. 338. Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
  339. 339. Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
  340. 340. The George Institute for Global Health, Hyderabad, India
  341. 341. Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  342. 342. Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, India
  343. 343. Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, India
  344. 344. Research and Analytics Department, Initiative for Financing Health and Human Development, Chennai, India
  345. 345. Department of Research and Analytics, Bioinsilico Technologies, Chennai, India
  346. 346. Laboratory of Public Health Indicators Analysis and Health Digitalization, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russian Federation
  347. 347. Experimental Surgery and Oncology Laboratory, Kursk State Medical University, Kursk, Russian Federation
  348. 348. Suraj Eye Institute, Nagpur, India
  349. 349. School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
  350. 350. Department of Disease Control and Environmental Health, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
  351. 351. Population Science Department, Jatiya Kabi Kazi Nazrul Islam University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
  352. 352. Center of Excellence in Reproductive Health Innovation (CERHI), University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
  353. 353. Department of Physiology, University of Benin, Edo, Nigeria
  354. 354. Department of Physiology, Benson Idahosa University, Benin City, Nigeria
  355. 355. Administrative and Economic Sciences Department, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
  356. 356. Department of Statistics and Cybernetics, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
  357. 357. Health Policy Research Group, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria
  358. 358. Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria
  359. 359. Results for Development, Research and Academic Institution, Abuja, Nigeria
  360. 360. Department of Health Promotion and Education, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
  361. 361. Department of Preventive Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Dongdaemun-gu, South Korea
  362. 362. School of Pharmacy, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
  363. 363. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
  364. 364. Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
  365. 365. Department of Psychiatry, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
  366. 366. Community Prevention and Care Services, National AIDS Control Committee, Abuja, Nigeria
  367. 367. Department of Health, Lira District Local Government, Lira, Uganda
  368. 368. Department of Project Management, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russian Federation
  369. 369. Department of Health Care Administration and Economics, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russian Federation
  370. 370. Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
  371. 371. Department of Public Health, Babes Bolyai University, Cluj Napoca, Romania
  372. 372. Department of Health Metrics, Center for Health Outcomes & Evaluation, Bucharest, Romania
  373. 373. Department of Health Administration and Policy, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States
  374. 374. Cardiology Department, MercyOne North Iowa Medical Center, Mason City, IA, United States
  375. 375. Global Health Governance Programme, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
  376. 376. Centre for Medical Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
  377. 377. School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
  378. 378. Population Health Theme, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  379. 379. Research Section, Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal
  380. 380. Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
  381. 381. Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, National Institute of Research and Development for Biological Sciences, Bucharest, Romania
  382. 382. Department of Genetics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
  383. 383. Department of Biology, University of Bahrain, Sakir, Bahrain
  384. 384. Department of Zoology, Yadava College, Madurai, India
  385. 385. Department of Zoology, Annai Fathima College, Madurai, India
  386. 386. International Center of Medical Sciences Research, Islamabad, Pakistan
  387. 387. Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran
  388. 388. Centro de Investigaciones Clinicas (Clinical Research Center), Fundacion Valle del Lili (Valle del Lili Foundation), Cali, Colombia
  389. 389. Centro de Estudios en Proteccion Social y Economia de la Salud (Research Center for Social and Health Economics) (PROESA), Universidad ICESI (ICESI University), Cali, Colombia
  390. 390. Department of Anesthesia, Cihan University of Sulaimaniya, Sulaimaniya, Iraq
  391. 391. Department of Community Medicine, Maharishi Markandeshwar Medical College & Hospital, Solan, India
  392. 392. Department of Population Science and Human Resource Development, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
  393. 393. Future Technology Research Center, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Yunlin, Taiwan
  394. 394. Research Department, Policy Research Institute, Kathmandu, Nepal
  395. 395. Health and Public Policy Department, Global Center for Research and Development, Kathmandu, Nepal
  396. 396. College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
  397. 397. Academic Public Health England, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
  398. 398. Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
  399. 399. Department of Protein Research, Research and Academic Institution, Alexandria, Egypt
  400. 400. School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
  401. 401. Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
  402. 402. Faculty of Business and Management, Sultan Zainal Abidin University (Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin), Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia
  403. 403. Deparment of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
  404. 404. Cardiovascular Department, Zagazig University-Egypt, Zagazig, Egypt
  405. 405. Department of Pediatric Neurology, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
  406. 406. Department of Polymer Technology, Gdansk, Poland
  407. 407. Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Jinnah Medical College, Peshawar, Pakistan
  408. 408. Health Policy and Management, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
  409. 409. Department of Entomology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
  410. 410. Public Health Unit, Northern Region Health Administration, Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal
  411. 411. Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
  412. 412. School of Public Health and Health Management, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
  413. 413. Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
  414. 414. Department of Public Health, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
  415. 415. Faculty of Health & Social Sciences, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, United Kingdom
  416. 416. UGC Centre of Advanced Study in Psychology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, India
  417. 417. Udyam-Global Association for Sustainable Development, Bhubaneswar, India
  418. 418. GSK Biologicals, Wavre, Belgium
  419. 419. Educational Science, Farhangian University, Kermanshah, Iran
  420. 420. Oral Diagnosis, Digital Health and Health Services Research, Charite University Medical Center Berlin, Berlin, Germany
  421. 421. Emergency Department, Manian Medical Centre, Erode, India
  422. 422. Department of Economics, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
  423. 423. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institute of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
  424. 424. Karachi, Pakistan
  425. 425. Department of Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
  426. 426. Department of Health Education and Promotion, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
  427. 427. Department of Nursing, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
  428. 428. Interdisciplinary Centre Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
  429. 429. University School of Management and Entrepreneurship, Delhi Technological University, Delhi, India
  430. 430. Department of Microbiology, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, India
  431. 431. Public Health Dentistry Department, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences Deemed to be University, Karad, India
  432. 432. Center of Potential and Innovation of Natural Resources, Polytechnic Institute of Guarda, Guarda, Portugal
  433. 433. Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilha, Portugal
  434. 434. School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
  435. 435. Medicine Service, US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), Birmingham, AL, United States
  436. 436. School of Health Sciences, The University of Georgia, Tbilisi, Georgia
  437. 437. Clinical Branch, Moscow Research and Practical Centre on Addictions, Moscow, Russian Federation
  438. 438. Addiction Psychiatry Department, Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russian Federation
  439. 439. Addictology Department, Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russian Federation
  440. 440. Department of Surgery, “Sf. Pantelimon” Emergency Clinical Hospital Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
  441. 441. Department of Nursing, Dire Dawa University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
  442. 442. Department of Health Policy and Management, University of Georgia College of Public Health, Athens, GA, United States
  443. 443. Center for Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Swat, Mingora, Pakistan
  444. 444. School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
  445. 445. Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
  446. 446. Carlos III Health Institute, Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CiberSAM), Madrid, Spain
  447. 447. Department of Economics, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States
  448. 448. Research and Innovation, Enventure Medical Innovation, Houston, TX, United States
  449. 449. Faculty of Biomedical Engeneering, Czech Technical University, Prague, Czech Republic
  450. 450. Department of Social Security Empirical Research, National Institute of Population and Social Security Research, Tokyo, Japan
  451. 451. Modestum LTD, Eastbourne, United Kingdom
  452. 452. Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
  453. 453. UKK Institute, Tampere, Finland
  454. 454. Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
  455. 455. Institute of Public Health of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
  456. 456. Department Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
  457. 457. Faculty of Information Technology, HUTECH University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
  458. 458. Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University (SZABMU), Islamabad, Pakistan
  459. 459. Department of Cultures, Societies and Global Studies, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
  460. 460. School of Public Health, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
  461. 461. Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
  462. 462. Department of Community Medicine, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka
  463. 463. School of International Development and Global Studies, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
  464. 464. Department of Health Management, Suleyman Demirel University (Suleyman Demirel Universitesi), Isparta, Turkey
  465. 465. Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan
  466. 466. Department of Public Health, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
  467. 467. Department of Health Policy and Management, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, United States
  468. 468. School of Business & Economics, Universiti Putra Malaysia (University of Putra Malaysia), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
  469. 469. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
  470. 470. School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
  471. 471. Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Outcomes Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
  472. 472. Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
  473. 473. Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
  474. 474. Department of International Health, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States
  475. 475. Health Technology Assessment Unit, Department of Health Philippines, Manila, Philippines
  476. 476. MentalHealthPH, Quezon City, Philippines

Source: The Lancet Global Health Published:2023


Abstract

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted gaps in health surveillance systems, disease prevention, and treatment globally. Among the many factors that might have led to these gaps is the issue of the financing of national health systems, especially in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs), as well as a robust global system for pandemic preparedness. We aimed to provide a comparative assessment of global health spending at the onset of the pandemic; characterise the amount of development assistance for pandemic preparedness and response disbursed in the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic; and examine expectations for future health spending and put into context the expected need for investment in pandemic preparedness. Methods: In this analysis of global health spending between 1990 and 2021, and prediction from 2021 to 2026, we estimated four sources of health spending: development assistance for health (DAH), government spending, out-of-pocket spending, and prepaid private spending across 204 countries and territories. We used the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)'s Creditor Reporting System (CRS) and the WHO Global Health Expenditure Database (GHED) to estimate spending. We estimated development assistance for general health, COVID-19 response, and pandemic preparedness and response using a keyword search. Health spending estimates were combined with estimates of resources needed for pandemic prevention and preparedness to analyse future health spending patterns, relative to need. Findings: In 2019, at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, US$9·2 trillion (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 9·1–9·3) was spent on health worldwide. We found great disparities in the amount of resources devoted to health, with high-income countries spending $7·3 trillion (95% UI 7·2–7·4) in 2019; 293·7 times the $24·8 billion (95% UI 24·3–25·3) spent by low-income countries in 2019. That same year, $43·1 billion in development assistance was provided to maintain or improve health. The pandemic led to an unprecedented increase in development assistance targeted towards health; in 2020 and 2021, $1·8 billion in DAH contributions was provided towards pandemic preparedness in LMICs, and $37·8 billion was provided for the health-related COVID-19 response. Although the support for pandemic preparedness is 12·2% of the recommended target by the High-Level Independent Panel (HLIP), the support provided for the health-related COVID-19 response is 252·2% of the recommended target. Additionally, projected spending estimates suggest that between 2022 and 2026, governments in 17 (95% UI 11–21) of the 137 LMICs will observe an increase in national government health spending equivalent to an addition of 1% of GDP, as recommended by the HLIP. Interpretation: There was an unprecedented scale-up in DAH in 2020 and 2021. We have a unique opportunity at this time to sustain funding for crucial global health functions, including pandemic preparedness. However, historical patterns of underfunding of pandemic preparedness suggest that deliberate effort must be made to ensure funding is maintained. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
Experts (# of related papers)
Other Related Docs
19. Economic Impact of Acute Respiratory Disease Pandemics: A Scoping Review, Journal of Research in Medical Sciences (2022)