Isfahan University of Medical Sciences

Science Communicator Platform

Stay connected! Follow us on X network (Twitter):
Share By
Global Investments in Pandemic Preparedness and Covid-19: Development Assistance and Domestic Spending on Health Between 1990 and 2026 Publisher Pubmed

Summary: A study found global health spending surged for COVID-19, but gaps remain for future preparedness. #PublicHealth #PandemicPreparedness

Micah AE1 ; Bhangdia K1 ; Cogswell IE1 ; Lasher D1 ; Lidralporter B1 ; Maddison ER1 ; Nguyen TNN1 ; Patel N1 ; Pedroza P1 ; Solorio J1 ; Stutzman H1 ; Tsakalos G1 ; Wang Y1 ; Warriner W1 Show All Authors
Authors
  1. Micah AE1
  2. Bhangdia K1
  3. Cogswell IE1
  4. Lasher D1
  5. Lidralporter B1
  6. Maddison ER1
  7. Nguyen TNN1
  8. Patel N1
  9. Pedroza P1
  10. Solorio J1
  11. Stutzman H1
  12. Tsakalos G1
  13. Wang Y1
  14. Warriner W1
  15. Zhao Y1, 4
  16. Zlavog BS1
  17. Abbafati C5
  18. Abbas J6
  19. Abbasikangevari M7
  20. Abbasikangevari Z7, 20
  21. Abdelmasseh M25
  22. Abdulah DM26
  23. Abedi A28, 29
  24. Abegaz KH32, 33
  25. Abhilash ES34
  26. Aboagye RG35
  27. Abolhassani H8, 39
  28. Abrigo MRM40
  29. Abubaker Ali H41
  30. Abugharbieh E44
  31. Adem MH46
  32. Afzal MS49
  33. Ahmadi A21, 50
  34. Ahmed H51
  35. Ahmed Rashid T52
  36. Aji B53
  37. Akbarialiabad H54
  38. Akelew Y58
  39. Al Hamad H60
  40. Alam K61
  41. Alanezi FM63
  42. Alanzi TM62
  43. Alhanawi MK64, 65
  44. Alhassan RK36
  45. Aljunid SM67, 68
  46. Almustanyir S69, 70
  47. Alraddadi RM66
  48. Alvisguzman N71, 73
  49. Alviszakzuk NJ72, 74
  50. Amare AT47, 75
  51. Ameyaw EK78
  52. Aminirarani M79
  53. Amu H37
  54. Ancuceanu R82
  55. Andrei T85
  56. Anwar SL87
  57. Appiah F88, 89
  58. Aqeel M90
  59. Arabloo J91
  60. Arabzozani M95
  61. Aravkin AY1, 2, 3
  62. Aremu O97
  63. Aruleba RT98
  64. Athari SS101
  65. Avilaburgos L102
  66. Ayanore MA38, 105
  67. Azari S92
  68. Baig AA106
  69. Bantie AT107
  70. Barrow A109, 110
  71. Baskaran P111
  72. Basu S116, 119
  73. Batiha AMM123
  74. Baune BT124, 125
  75. Berezvai Z126, 127
  76. Bhardwaj N112
  77. Bhardwaj P111, 113
  78. Bhaskar S128, 129
  79. Boachie MK38, 130
  80. Bodolica V131
  81. Botelho JSB132
  82. Braithwaite D133, 135
  83. Breitborde NJK136, 137
  84. Busse R139
  85. Cahuanahurtado L140
  86. Catalalopez F141, 142
  87. Chansa C143, 144
  88. Charan J114
  89. Chattu VK145, 146
  90. Chen S144
  91. Chukwu IS147
  92. Dadras O148, 149
  93. Dandona L1, 3, 150, 151
  94. Dandona R1, 150
  95. Dargahi A152
  96. Debela SA154
  97. Denovagutierrez E103
  98. Desye B108
  99. Dharmaratne SD1, 3, 155
  100. Diao N117
  101. Doan LP156, 157
  102. Dodangeh M93
  103. Dos Santos WM159, 160
  104. Doshmangir L161
  105. Dube J165
  106. Eini E166
  107. El Sayed Zaki M169
  108. El Tantawi M170
  109. Enyew DB171
  110. Eskandarieh S9
  111. Ezati Asar M173
  112. Fagbamigbe AF174, 177
  113. Faraon EJA178
  114. Fatehizadeh A80
  115. Fattahi H179
  116. Fekadu G180, 181
  117. Fischer F182
  118. Foigt NA183
  119. Fowobaje KR174, 184
  120. Freitas A185, 187
  121. Fukumoto T188
  122. Fullman N1
  123. Gaal PA189, 190
  124. Gamkrelidze A192
  125. Garciagordillo MA193
  126. Gebrehiwot M194
  127. Gerema U195
  128. Ghafourifard M162
  129. Ghamari SH7, 20
  130. Ghanbari R196
  131. Ghashghaee A197
  132. Gholamrezanezhad A30
  133. Golechha M200
  134. Golinelli D201
  135. Goshu YA202
  136. Goyomsa GG203
  137. Guha A138, 204
  138. Gunawardane DA206
  139. Gupta B207
  140. Hamidi S208
  141. Harapan H209
  142. Hashempour R22
  143. Hayat K210, 211
  144. Heidari G212
  145. Herediapi I102
  146. Herteliu C85, 213
  147. Heyi DZ214
  148. Hezam K215, 216
  149. Hiraike Y217
  150. Hlongwa MM218
  151. Holla R220
  152. Hoque ME223
  153. Hosseinzadeh M42, 158
  154. Hostiuc S83, 226
  155. Hussain S227, 228
  156. Ilesanmi OS175, 229
  157. Immurana M36
  158. Iradukunda A231, 232
  159. Ismail NE233
  160. Isola G234
  161. Merin J L235
  162. Jakovljevic M236, 237
  163. Jalili M238
  164. Janodia MD221
  165. Javaheri T239
  166. Jayapal SK241
  167. Jemere DM242
  168. Joo T189
  169. Joseph N247
  170. Jozwiak JJ250
  171. Jurisson M251
  172. Kaambwa B243, 244
  173. Kadashetti V252
  174. Kadel R253
  175. Kadir DH254
  176. Kalankesh LR255
  177. Kamath R222, 256
  178. Kandel H224, 257
  179. Kantar RS258, 259
  180. Karanth SD134
  181. Karaye IM260
  182. Karimi SE163
  183. Kassa BG202
  184. Kayode GA261, 262
  185. Keikavoosiarani L263
  186. Keshri VR264, 265
  187. Keskin C267
  188. Khader YS268
  189. Khafaie MA167
  190. Khajuria H269
  191. Khayat Kashani HR23
  192. Kifle ZD270
  193. Kim H273
  194. Kim J274
  195. Kim MS276, 277
  196. Kim YJ278
  197. Kisa A279, 280
  198. Kohler S144
  199. Kompani F10
  200. Kosen S281
  201. Koulmane Laxminarayana SL282
  202. Koyanagi A283, 284
  203. Krishan K285
  204. Kusuma D286, 287
  205. Lam J189, 288
  206. Lamnisos D289
  207. Larsson AO290, 291
  208. Lee SW292
  209. Lee SWH293, 294
  210. Lee WC295
  211. Lee YH275
  212. Lenzi J201
  213. Lim LL297, 298
  214. Lorenzovici L299, 300
  215. Lozano R1, 3
  216. Machado VSM301
  217. Madadizadeh F302
  218. Magdy Abd El Razek M303
  219. Mahmoudi R198
  220. Majeed A120
  221. Malekpour MR7
  222. Manda AL84, 304
  223. Mansouri B305
  224. Mansournia MA11
  225. Mantovani LG307, 308
  226. Marrugo Arnedo CA73, 309
  227. Martorell M310, 311
  228. Masoud A312
  229. Mathews E313
  230. Maude RJ4, 314
  231. Mechili EA315, 316
  232. Mehrabi Nasab E12
  233. Mendes JJM132
  234. Meretoja A317, 319
  235. Meretoja TJ318, 321
  236. Mesregah MK322
  237. Mestrovic T1, 323
  238. Mirica A85
  239. Mirrakhimov EM324, 325
  240. Mirutse MK326
  241. Mirza M327
  242. Mirzaaghazadehattari M164, 328
  243. Misganaw A3, 329
  244. Moccia M330
  245. Moghadasi J331
  246. Mohammadi E13, 333
  247. Mohammadi M334
  248. Mohammadianhafshejani A50
  249. Mohammadshahi M14
  250. Mohammed S139, 335
  251. Mohseni M81, 94
  252. Mokdad AH1, 3
  253. Monasta L336
  254. Mossialos E121, 337
  255. Mostafavi E338, 339
  256. Mousavi Isfahani H94
  257. Mpundukaambwa C245
  258. Murthy S340
  259. Muthupandian S341, 342
  260. Nagarajan AJ344, 345
  261. Naidoo KS219, 266
  262. Naimzada MD346, 347
  263. Nangia V348
  264. Naqvi AA349
  265. Nayak BP269
  266. Ndejjo R350
  267. Nguyen TH156, 157
  268. Noroozi N15
  269. Noubiap JJ76
  270. Nuruzzaman KM225, 351
  271. Nzoputam CI352
  272. Nzoputam OJ353, 354
  273. Oancea B355
  274. Obi FCA357, 359
  275. Ogunkoya A360
  276. Oh IH361
  277. Okonji OC362
  278. Olagunju AT363, 365
  279. Olagunju TO364
  280. Olakunde BO366
  281. Omar Bali A43
  282. Onwujekwe OE358
  283. Opio JN77, 367
  284. Otoiu A85
  285. Otstavnov N346
  286. Otstavnov SS346, 368
  287. Owolabi MO176, 230
  288. Palicz T189, 246
  289. Palladino R120, 370
  290. Pana A371, 372
  291. Parekh T373
  292. Pasupula DK374
  293. Patel J375, 377
  294. Patton GC320, 378
  295. Paudel U379, 380
  296. Paun M356, 381
  297. Pawar S382
  298. Perna S383
  299. Perumalsamy N384, 385
  300. Petcu IR85
  301. Piracha ZZ386
  302. Poursadeqiyan M153
  303. Pourtaheri N387
  304. Prada SI388, 389
  305. Rafiei S199
  306. Raghav PR111
  307. Rahim F390
  308. Rahman MHU391
  309. Rahman M392
  310. Rahmani AM393
  311. Ranabhat CL394, 395
  312. Raru TB396
  313. Rashedi S16, 332
  314. Rashidi MM7, 20
  315. Ravangard R55
  316. Rawaf S120, 397
  317. Rawassizadeh R240
  318. Redwan EM398, 399
  319. Renzaho AMN400, 401
  320. Rezaei M96
  321. Rezaei N7
  322. Riaz MA402
  323. Rodriguez JAB403
  324. Saad AMA404
  325. Saddik B45
  326. Sadeghian S405
  327. Saeb MR406
  328. Saeed U386, 407
  329. Sahu M1
  330. Saki M168
  331. Salamati P17
  332. Salari H408
  333. Salehi S31
  334. Samy AM409
  335. Sanabria J25, 205
  336. Sanmarchi F201
  337. Santos JV186, 410
  338. Santricmilicevic MM411, 412
  339. Sao Jose BP413
  340. Sarikhani Y56, 414
  341. Sathian B59, 415
  342. Satpathy M416, 417
  343. Savic M418
  344. Sayadi Y305, 419
  345. Schwendicke F420
  346. Senthilkumaran S421
  347. Sepanlou SG18, 57
  348. Servanmori E104
  349. Setshegetso N422
  350. Seylani A423
  351. Shahabi S56
  352. Shaikh MA424
  353. Shakhmardanov MZ425
  354. Shanawaz M426
  355. Sharew MMS271
  356. Sharew NT427, 428
  357. Sharma R429
  358. Shayan M15, 24
  359. Sheikh A118, 376
  360. Shenoy SM430
  361. Shetty A248
  362. Shetty PH249
  363. Shivakumar KM431
  364. Silva LMLR432, 433
  365. Simegn W272
  366. Singh JA434, 435
  367. Singh K115
  368. Skhvitaridze N191, 436
  369. Skryabin VY437, 438
  370. Skryabina AA425
  371. Socea B84, 440
  372. Solomon Y441
  373. Song S442
  374. Stefan SC86
  375. Suleman M443, 444
  376. Tabaresseisdedos R445, 446
  377. Tat NY447, 448
  378. Tat VY296
  379. Tefera B172
  380. Tichopad A449
  381. Tobegai R450
  382. Tovanipalone MR343, 451
  383. Tudor Car L452
  384. Tufa DG154
  385. Vasankari TJ453, 454
  386. Vasic M455
  387. Vervoort D456
  388. Vlassov V369
  389. Vo B457
  390. Vu LG156, 157
  391. Waheed Y458
  392. Wamai RG459, 460
  393. Wang C461
  394. Wassie GT48
  395. Wickramasinghe ND462
  396. Yaya S122, 463
  397. Yigit A464
  398. Yigit V464
  399. Yonemoto N465, 466
  400. Younis MZ467, 468
  401. Yu C469
  402. Yunusa I471
  403. Zaki L472
  404. Zaman BA27
  405. Zangeneh A306
  406. Zare Dehnavi A19
  407. Zastrozhin MS439, 473
  408. Zeng W474
  409. Zhang ZJ470
  410. Zuhlke LJ99, 100
  411. Zuniga YMH475, 476
  412. Hay SI1, 3
  413. Murray CJL1, 3
  414. Dieleman JL1, 3

Source: The Lancet Global Health Published:2023


Abstract

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted gaps in health surveillance systems, disease prevention, and treatment globally. Among the many factors that might have led to these gaps is the issue of the financing of national health systems, especially in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs), as well as a robust global system for pandemic preparedness. We aimed to provide a comparative assessment of global health spending at the onset of the pandemic; characterise the amount of development assistance for pandemic preparedness and response disbursed in the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic; and examine expectations for future health spending and put into context the expected need for investment in pandemic preparedness. Methods: In this analysis of global health spending between 1990 and 2021, and prediction from 2021 to 2026, we estimated four sources of health spending: development assistance for health (DAH), government spending, out-of-pocket spending, and prepaid private spending across 204 countries and territories. We used the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)'s Creditor Reporting System (CRS) and the WHO Global Health Expenditure Database (GHED) to estimate spending. We estimated development assistance for general health, COVID-19 response, and pandemic preparedness and response using a keyword search. Health spending estimates were combined with estimates of resources needed for pandemic prevention and preparedness to analyse future health spending patterns, relative to need. Findings: In 2019, at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, US$9·2 trillion (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 9·1–9·3) was spent on health worldwide. We found great disparities in the amount of resources devoted to health, with high-income countries spending $7·3 trillion (95% UI 7·2–7·4) in 2019; 293·7 times the $24·8 billion (95% UI 24·3–25·3) spent by low-income countries in 2019. That same year, $43·1 billion in development assistance was provided to maintain or improve health. The pandemic led to an unprecedented increase in development assistance targeted towards health; in 2020 and 2021, $1·8 billion in DAH contributions was provided towards pandemic preparedness in LMICs, and $37·8 billion was provided for the health-related COVID-19 response. Although the support for pandemic preparedness is 12·2% of the recommended target by the High-Level Independent Panel (HLIP), the support provided for the health-related COVID-19 response is 252·2% of the recommended target. Additionally, projected spending estimates suggest that between 2022 and 2026, governments in 17 (95% UI 11–21) of the 137 LMICs will observe an increase in national government health spending equivalent to an addition of 1% of GDP, as recommended by the HLIP. Interpretation: There was an unprecedented scale-up in DAH in 2020 and 2021. We have a unique opportunity at this time to sustain funding for crucial global health functions, including pandemic preparedness. However, historical patterns of underfunding of pandemic preparedness suggest that deliberate effort must be made to ensure funding is maintained. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
Other Related Docs
5. Economic Impact of Acute Respiratory Disease Pandemics: A Scoping Review, Journal of Research in Medical Sciences (2022)
20. Does Covid-19 Escalate Aging Process? a Possible Concern, Advanced Biomedical Research (2022)