Coconut Left Atrium: Causes and Management Publisher



G Erabi GISOU ; S Karimi SARMAD ; A Behkar ASSAL ; D Allafi DIBA ; R Shahveghar REYHANEH ; A Pooryai ARAZ ; B Najafabadian BASHIR ; S Mirshafiee SHAYAN ; Ma Behjati Mohaddeseh AMIN
Source: Echocardiography Published:2025

Abstract

Background: Cardiac calcification has multiple etiologies, including previous myocardial infarction, sepsis, and myocarditis. An imbalance between plasma calcium and phosphorus levels can also lead to cardiac calcification. Patients with pre-existing conditions such as rheumatic heart disease or those who have undergone mitral valve replacement (MVR) are at risk of developing left atrium (LA) calcification. Complications may include pulmonary hypertension and heart failure. The objective of this study is to summarize left atrial calcification, its causes, complications, and therapeutic guidelines. Methods: This study reviewed relevant literature from Google Scholar and PubMed databases until October 2024, including case series, observational studies, and randomized controlled trials (RCTs). The American Psychological Association (APA) seventh edition guidelines were followed for data presentation. Results: Coconut LA can arise from various diseases, including rheumatic heart disease, congenital pulmonic valve disease, and MVR. Pathological studies indicate that atrial calcification results from collagen-rich matrices, macrophages, and lymphocytes. Radiological imaging plays a crucial role in assessing disease severity and localization. Treatment options include surgical intervention or resynchronization. Conclusion: In summary, calcification can affect nearly every part of the heart, with diverse underlying reasons and etiologies such as rheumatic heart disease and congenital pulmonic valve disease. Both surgical and resynchronization methods are available for patient management. However, further research is necessary to enhance our understanding of the coconut LA (calcification of the LA). © 2025 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.