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Repositioning of the Global Epicentre of Non-Optimal Cholesterol Publisher Pubmed



Taddei C447 ; Zhou B447 ; Bixby H447 ; Carrillolarco RM447 ; Danaei G1 ; Jackson RT2 ; Farzadfar F3 ; Sophiea MK447 ; Di Cesare M4 ; Iurilli MLC447 ; Martinez AR447 ; Asghari G5 ; Dhana K6 ; Gulayin P7 Show All Authors
Authors
  1. Taddei C447
  2. Zhou B447
  3. Bixby H447
  4. Carrillolarco RM447
  5. Danaei G1
  6. Jackson RT2
  7. Farzadfar F3
  8. Sophiea MK447
  9. Di Cesare M4
  10. Iurilli MLC447
  11. Martinez AR447
  12. Asghari G5
  13. Dhana K6
  14. Gulayin P7
  15. Kakarmath S8
  16. Santero M7
  17. Voortman T9
  18. Riley LM10
  19. Cowan MJ10
  20. Savin S10
  21. Bennett JE447
  22. Stevens GA11, 447
  23. Paciorek CJ12
  24. Aekplakorn W13
  25. Cifkova R14, 15
  26. Giampaoli S16
  27. Kengne AP17
  28. Khang YH18
  29. Kuulasmaa K19
  30. Laxmaiah A20
  31. Margozzini P21
  32. Mathur P22
  33. Nordestgaard BG23
  34. Zhao D24
  35. Aadahl M25
  36. Abarcagomez L26
  37. Rahim HA27
  38. Aburmeileh NM28
  39. Acostacazares B29
  40. Adams RJ30
  41. Agdeppa IA31
  42. Aghazadehattari J32
  43. Aguilarsalinas CA33
  44. Agyemang C34
  45. Ahluwalia TS35
  46. Ahmad NA36
  47. Ahmadi A37
  48. Ahmadi N3
  49. Ahmed SH38
  50. Ahrens W39
  51. Ajlouni K40
  52. Alarouj M41
  53. Albuhairan F42
  54. Aldhukair S43
  55. Ali MM10
  56. Alkandari A41
  57. Alkerwi A44
  58. Aly E45
  59. Amarapurkar DN46
  60. Amouyel P47, 48
  61. Andersen LB49
  62. Anderssen SA50
  63. Anjana RM51
  64. Ansarimoghaddam A52
  65. Aounallahskhiri H53
  66. Araujo J54
  67. Ariansen I55
  68. Aris T36
  69. Arku RE56
  70. Arlappa N20
  71. Aryal KK57
  72. Aspelund T58
  73. Assuncao MCF59
  74. Auvinen J60, 61
  75. Avdicova M62
  76. Azevedo A63
  77. Azizi F64
  78. Azmin M3
  79. Balakrishna N20
  80. Bamoshmoosh M65
  81. Banach M66
  82. Bandosz P67
  83. Banegas JR68
  84. Barbagallo CM69
  85. Barcelo A70
  86. Barkat A71
  87. Bata I72
  88. Batieha AM73
  89. Batyrbek A74
  90. Baur LA75
  91. Beaglehole R2
  92. Belavendra A76
  93. Ben Romdhane H77
  94. Benet M78
  95. Benn M23
  96. Berkinbayev S79
  97. Bernabeortiz A80
  98. Bernotiene G81
  99. Bettiol H82
  100. Bhargava SK83
  101. Bi Y84
  102. Bienek A85
  103. Bikbov M86
  104. Bista B87
  105. Bjerregaard P88
  106. Bjertness E38
  107. Bjertness MB38
  108. Bjorkelund C89
  109. Bloch KV90
  110. Blokstra A91
  111. Bo S92
  112. Boehm BO93
  113. Boggia JG94
  114. Boissonnet CP95
  115. Bonaccio M96
  116. Bongard V97
  117. Borchini R98
  118. Borghs H99
  119. Bovet P100, 101
  120. Brajkovich I102
  121. Breckenkamp J103
  122. Brenner H104
  123. Brewster LM34
  124. Bruno G92
  125. Bugge A105
  126. Busch MA106
  127. De Leon AC107
  128. Cacciottolo J108
  129. Can G109
  130. Candido APC110
  131. Capanzana MV31
  132. Capuano E111
  133. Capuano V111
  134. Cardoso VC82
  135. Carvalho J112
  136. Casanueva FF113
  137. Censi L114
  138. Chadjigeorgiou CA115
  139. Chamukuttan S116
  140. Chaturvedi N117
  141. Chen CJ118
  142. Chen F119
  143. Chen S120
  144. Cheng CY121
  145. Cheraghian B122
  146. Chetrit A123
  147. Chiou ST124
  148. Chirlaque MD125
  149. Cho B126
  150. Cho Y127
  151. Chudek J128
  152. Claessens F129
  153. Clarke J130
  154. Clays E131
  155. Concin H132
  156. Confortin SC133
  157. Cooper C134
  158. Costanzo S96
  159. Cottel D135
  160. Cowell C75
  161. Crujeiras AB136
  162. Csilla S137
  163. Cui L120
  164. Cureau FV138
  165. Darrigo G139
  166. Dorsi E140
  167. Dallongeville J135
  168. Damasceno A141
  169. Dankner R123
  170. Dantoft TM25
  171. Dauchet L47, 48
  172. Davletov K74
  173. De Backer G131
  174. De Bacquer D131
  175. De Gaetano G96
  176. De Henauw S131
  177. De Oliveira PD59
  178. De Ridder D142
  179. De Smedt D131
  180. Deepa M51
  181. Deev AD143
  182. Dehghan A447
  183. Delisle H144
  184. Dennison E134
  185. Deschamps V145
  186. Dhimal M87
  187. Di Castelnuovo AF146
  188. Dika Z147
  189. Djalalinia S148
  190. Dobson AJ149
  191. Donfrancesco C16
  192. Donoso SP150
  193. Doring A151
  194. Dorobantu M152
  195. Dragano N153
  196. Drygas W66, 154
  197. Du Y106
  198. Duante CA31
  199. Duda RB155
  200. Dzerve V156
  201. Dziankowskazaborszczyk E66
  202. Eddie R157
  203. Eftekhar E158
  204. Eggertsen R89
  205. Eghtesad S3
  206. Eiben G159
  207. Ekelund U50
  208. El Ati J160
  209. Eldemireshearer D161
  210. Eliasen M25
  211. Elosua R162
  212. Erasmus RT163
  213. Erbel R164
  214. Erem C165
  215. Eriksen L88
  216. Eriksson JG166
  217. Escobedode La Pena J29
  218. Eslami S167
  219. Esmaeili A168
  220. Evans A169
  221. Faeh D170
  222. Fall CH134
  223. Faramarzi E171
  224. Farjam M172
  225. Fattahi MR173
  226. Felixredondo FJ174
  227. Ferguson TS161
  228. Fernandezberges D175
  229. Ferrante D176
  230. Ferrari M114
  231. Ferreccio C21
  232. Ferrieres J97
  233. Foger B132
  234. Foo LH177
  235. Forslund AS178
  236. Forsner M178
  237. Fouad HM45
  238. Francis DK161
  239. Do Carmo Franco M179
  240. Franco OH9
  241. Frontera G180
  242. Fujita Y181
  243. Fumihiko M182
  244. Furusawa T182
  245. Gaciong Z183
  246. Galvano F184
  247. Gao J120
  248. Garciadelahera M185
  249. Garnett SP75
  250. Gaspoz JM142
  251. Gasull M186
  252. Gazzinelli A187
  253. Geleijnse JM188
  254. Ghanbari A3
  255. Ghasemi E3
  256. Gheorghefronea OF152
  257. Ghimire A189
  258. Gianfagna F146, 190
  259. Gill TK191
  260. Giovannelli J47, 48
  261. Gironella G31
  262. Giwercman A192
  263. Goltzman D193
  264. Goncalves H59
  265. Gonzalezchica DA191
  266. Gonzalezgross M194
  267. Gonzalezrivas JP195
  268. Gonzalezvillalpando C196
  269. Gonzalezvillalpando ME197
  270. Gonzalez AR198
  271. Gottrand F47
  272. Graffiversen S55
  273. Grafnetter D199
  274. Gregor RD72
  275. Grodzicki T200
  276. Grontved A201
  277. Grosso G184
  278. Gruden G92
  279. Gu D202
  280. Guallarcastillon P68
  281. Guan OP203
  282. Gudmundsson EF204
  283. Gudnason V58
  284. Guerrero R205
  285. Guessous I142
  286. Gunnlaugsdottir J204
  287. Gupta R206
  288. Gutierrez L7
  289. Gutzwiller F170
  290. Ha S207
  291. Hadaegh F208
  292. Haghshenas R3
  293. Hakimi H168
  294. Hambleton IR209
  295. Hamzeh B210
  296. Hantunen S211
  297. Kumar RH20
  298. Hashemishahri SM52
  299. Hata J212
  300. Haugsgjerd T213
  301. Hayes AJ75
  302. He J214
  303. He Y215
  304. Hendriks ME216
  305. Henriques A54
  306. Herrala S61
  307. Heshmat R217
  308. Hill AG134
  309. Ho SY218
  310. Ho SC219
  311. Hobbs M220
  312. Hofman A9
  313. Homayounfar R172
  314. Hopman WM221
  315. Horimoto ARVR222
  316. Hormiga CM223
  317. Horta BL59
  318. Houti L224
  319. Howitt C209
  320. Htay TT225
  321. Htet AS226
  322. Htike MMT226
  323. Huerta JM227
  324. Huhtaniemi IT447
  325. Huisman M228
  326. Hunsberger ML89
  327. Husseini AS28
  328. Huybrechts I229
  329. Hwalla N230
  330. Iacoviello L96, 190
  331. Iannone AG111
  332. Ibrahim MM231
  333. Wong NI36
  334. Iglesia I232
  335. Ikeda N233
  336. Ikram MA9
  337. Iotova V234
  338. Irazola VE7
  339. Ishida T235
  340. Islam M236
  341. Alsafi Ismail A177
  342. Iwasaki M237
  343. Jacobs JM238
  344. Jaddou HY73
  345. Jafar T121
  346. James K161
  347. Jamrozik K191
  348. Janszky I239
  349. Janus E240
  350. Jarvelin MR60, 61, 447
  351. Jasienska G200
  352. Jelakovic A241
  353. Jelakovic B242
  354. Jennings G243
  355. Jensen GB23
  356. Jeong SL207
  357. Jha AK87
  358. Jiang CQ244
  359. Jimenez RO245
  360. Jockel KH164
  361. Joffres M246
  362. Jokelainen JJ61
  363. Jonas JB247
  364. Jorgensen T25
  365. Joshi P248
  366. Joukar F249
  367. Jozwiak J250
  368. Juolevi A19
  369. Kafatos A251
  370. Kajantie EO19
  371. Kalterleibovici O123
  372. Kamaruddin NA252
  373. Kamstrup PR23
  374. Karki KB253
  375. Katz J254
  376. Kauhanen J211
  377. Kaur P255
  378. Kavousi M9
  379. Kazakbaeva G86
  380. Keil U256
  381. Keinanenkiukaanniemi S61
  382. Kelishadi R257
  383. Keramati M167
  384. Kerimkulova A258
  385. Kersting M259
  386. Khader YS73
  387. Khalili D5
  388. Khateeb M40
  389. Kheradmand M260
  390. Khosravi A261
  391. Kiechlkohlendorfer U262
  392. Kiechl S262
  393. Killewo J263
  394. Kim HC264
  395. Kim J265
  396. Kim YY207
  397. Klumbiene J81
  398. Knoflach M262
  399. Ko S85
  400. Kohler HP266
  401. Kohler IV266
  402. Kolle E50
  403. Kolsteren P131
  404. Konig J267
  405. Korpelainen R60, 268
  406. Korrovits P269
  407. Kos J241
  408. Koskinen S19
  409. Kouda K270
  410. Kowlessur S271
  411. Kratzer W272
  412. Kriemler S170
  413. Kristensen PL201
  414. Krokstad S239
  415. Kromhout D273
  416. Kujala UM274
  417. Kurjata P154
  418. Kyobutungi C275
  419. Laamiri FZ276
  420. Laatikainen T19
  421. Lachat C131
  422. Laid Y277
  423. Lam TH218
  424. Lambrinou CP278
  425. Lanska V199
  426. Lappas G279
  427. Larijani B280
  428. Latt TS281
  429. Laugsand LE239
  430. Lazoporras M80
  431. Lee J282
  432. Lee J282
  433. Lehmann N164
  434. Lehtimaki T283, 284
  435. Levitt NS285
  436. Li Y1
  437. Lilly CL286
  438. Lim WY282
  439. Limacosta MF287
  440. Lin HH288
  441. Lin X289
  442. Lin YT290
  443. Lind L290
  444. Linneberg A25
  445. Lissner L89
  446. Liu J24
  447. Loit HM291
  448. Lopezgarcia E68
  449. Lopez T292
  450. Lotufo PA82
  451. Lozano JE293
  452. Luksiene D81
  453. Lundqvist A19
  454. Lundqvist R294
  455. Lunet N112
  456. Ma G295
  457. Machadocoelho GLL296
  458. Machadorodrigues AM297
  459. Machi S298
  460. Madar AA38
  461. Maggi S299
  462. Magliano DJ300
  463. Magriplis E301
  464. Mahasampath G76
  465. Maire B302
  466. Makdisse M303
  467. Malekzadeh F173
  468. Malekzadeh R3
  469. Rao KM20
  470. Manios Y278
  471. Mann JI304
  472. Mansourghanaei F249
  473. Manzato E305
  474. Marquesvidal P306
  475. Martorell R307
  476. Mascarenhas LP308
  477. Mathiesen EB309
  478. Matsha TE310
  479. Mavrogianni C278
  480. Mcfarlane SR161
  481. Mcgarvey ST311
  482. Mclachlan S312
  483. Mclean RM304
  484. Mclean SB130
  485. Mcnulty BA313
  486. Medienebenchekor S224
  487. Mehdipour P3
  488. Mehlig K89
  489. Mehrparvar AH314
  490. Meirhaeghe A315
  491. Meisinger C151
  492. Menezes AMB59
  493. Menon GR316
  494. Merat S3
  495. Mereke A74
  496. Meshram II20
  497. Metcalf P2
  498. Meyer HE38
  499. Mi J119
  500. Michels N131
  501. Miller JC304
  502. Minderico CS317
  503. Mini GK318
  504. Miquel JF21
  505. Miranda JJ80
  506. Mirjalili MR314
  507. Mirrakhimov E258
  508. Modesti PA319
  509. Moghaddam SS3
  510. Mohajer B3
  511. Mohamed MK320
  512. Mohammad K3
  513. Mohammadi Z3
  514. Mohammadifard N321
  515. Mohammadpourhodki R167
  516. Mohan V51
  517. Mohanna S80
  518. Yusoff MFM36
  519. Mohebbi I32
  520. Mohebi F3
  521. Moitry M322, 323
  522. Mollehave LT25
  523. Moller NC201
  524. Molnar D324
  525. Momenan A5
  526. Mondo CK325
  527. Monterrubioflores E196
  528. Moosazadeh M260
  529. Morejon A326
  530. Moreno LA232
  531. Morgan K327
  532. Morin SN193
  533. Moschonis G328
  534. Mossakowska M329
  535. Mostafa A320
  536. Mota J112
  537. Motlagh ME122
  538. Motta J330
  539. Msyamboza KP331
  540. Muiesan ML332
  541. Mullernurasyid M151
  542. Mursu J211
  543. Mustafa N252
  544. Nabipour I333
  545. Naderimagham S3
  546. Nagel G334
  547. Naidu BM36
  548. Najafi F210
  549. Nakamura H335
  550. Namesna J62
  551. Nang EEK282
  552. Nangia VB336
  553. Nauck M337
  554. Neal WA286
  555. Nejatizadeh A158
  556. Nenko I200
  557. Nervi F21
  558. Nguyen ND338
  559. Nguyen QN339
  560. Nietomartinez RE340
  561. Nihal T76
  562. Niiranen TJ19, 341
  563. Ning G84
  564. Ninomiya T212
  565. Noale M299
  566. Noboa OA94
  567. Noto D69
  568. Nsour MA342
  569. Nuhoglu I165
  570. Oneill TW343
  571. Oreilly D169
  572. Ochoaaviles AM150
  573. Oh K127
  574. Ohtsuka R344
  575. Olafsson O204
  576. Olie V145
  577. Oliveira IO59
  578. Omar MA36
  579. Onat A345
  580. Ong SK346
  581. Ordunez P70
  582. Ornelas R347
  583. Ortiz PJ80
  584. Osmond C348
  585. Ostojic SM349
  586. Ostovar A3
  587. Otero JA223
  588. Owusudabo E350
  589. Paccaud FM351
  590. Pahomova E156
  591. Pajak A200
  592. Palmieri L16
  593. Pan WH118
  594. Pandajonas S247
  595. Panza F352
  596. Parnell WR304
  597. Patel ND353
  598. Peer N354
  599. Peixoto SV287
  600. Peltonen M19
  601. Pereira AC222
  602. Peters A151
  603. Petersmann A337
  604. Petkeviciene J81
  605. Peykari N148
  606. Pham ST355
  607. Pichardo RN356
  608. Pigeot I357
  609. Pilav A358
  610. Pilotto L359
  611. Piwonska A154
  612. Pizarro AN112
  613. Plansrubio P360
  614. Plata S361
  615. Pohlabeln H357
  616. Porta M162
  617. Portegies MLP9
  618. Poudyal A87
  619. Pourfarzi F362
  620. Poustchi H3
  621. Pradeepa R51
  622. Price JF312
  623. Providencia R117
  624. Puder JJ306
  625. Puhakka SE60, 268
  626. Punab M269
  627. Qorbani M363
  628. Bao TQ364
  629. Radisauskas R81
  630. Rahimikazerooni S173
  631. Raitakari O341
  632. Rao SR255
  633. Ramachandran A365
  634. Ramos E63
  635. Ramos R366
  636. Rampal L367
  637. Rampal S368
  638. Redon J369
  639. Reganit PFM370
  640. Revilla L292
  641. Rezaianzadeh A173
  642. Ribeiro R371
  643. Richter A337
  644. Rigo F372
  645. Rinke De Wit TF373
  646. Rodriguezartalejo F68
  647. Del Cristo Rodriguezperez M374
  648. Rodriguezvillamizar LA375
  649. Roggenbuck U164
  650. Rojasmartinez R196
  651. Romaguera D136
  652. Romeo EL376
  653. Rosengren A89, 377
  654. Roy JGR130
  655. Rubinstein A7
  656. Ruidavets JB378
  657. Ruizbetancourt BS29
  658. Russo P379
  659. Rust P267
  660. Rutkowski M67
  661. Sabanayagam C203
  662. Sachdev HS380
  663. Sadjadi A3
  664. Safarpour AR173
  665. Safiri S171
  666. Saidi O381
  667. Saki N122
  668. Salanave B145
  669. Salmeron D227
  670. Salomaa V19
  671. Salonen JT166
  672. Salvetti M332
  673. Sanchezabanto J382
  674. Sans S383
  675. Santaliestrapasias AM232
  676. Santos DA384
  677. Santos MP112
  678. Santos R112
  679. Saramies JL385
  680. Sardinha LB384
  681. Sarrafzadegan N386
  682. Saum KU104
  683. Savva SC115
  684. Sawada N387
  685. Sbaraini M138
  686. Scazufca M388
  687. Schaan BD138
  688. Schargrodsky H389
  689. Scheidtnave C106
  690. Schienkiewitz A106
  691. Schipf S337
  692. Schmidt CO337
  693. Schottker B104
  694. Schramm S164
  695. Sebert S60
  696. Sein AA226
  697. Sen A390
  698. Sepanlou SG3
  699. Servais J130
  700. Shakeri R3
  701. Shalnova SA143
  702. Shamahlevy T196
  703. Sharafkhah M3
  704. Sharma SK189
  705. Shaw JE300
  706. Shayanrad A3
  707. Shi Z27
  708. Shibuya K391
  709. Shimizufurusawa H392
  710. Shin DW393
  711. Shin Y203
  712. Shirani M37
  713. Shiri R394
  714. Shrestha N87
  715. Siramlee K346
  716. Siani A379
  717. Siantar R203
  718. Sibai AM230
  719. Silva DAS140
  720. Simon M365
  721. Simons J395
  722. Simons LA396
  723. Sjostrom M397
  724. Skaaby T398
  725. Slowikowskahilczer J66
  726. Slusarczyk P329
  727. Smeeth L399
  728. Snijder MB34
  729. Soderberg S178
  730. Soemantri A400
  731. Sofat R117
  732. Solfrizzi V401
  733. Somi MH171
  734. Sonestedt E192
  735. Sorensen TIA402
  736. Jerome CS403
  737. Soumare A404
  738. Sozmen K405
  739. Sparrenberger K138
  740. Staessen JA406
  741. Stathopoulou MG407
  742. Stavreski B243
  743. Steenejohannessen J50
  744. Stehle P408
  745. Stein AD307
  746. Stessman J238
  747. Stevanovic R409
  748. Stieber J151
  749. Stockl D151
  750. Stokwiszewski J410
  751. Stronks K34
  752. Strufaldi MW179
  753. Suarezmedina R411
  754. Sun CA412
  755. Sundstrom J290
  756. Suriyawongpaisal P13
  757. Sy RG370
  758. Sylva RC413
  759. Szklo M254
  760. Tai ES282
  761. Tamosiunas A81
  762. Tan EJ75
  763. Tarawneh MR414
  764. Tarquimamani CB382
  765. Taylor A191
  766. Taylor J117
  767. Tell GS213
  768. Tello T80
  769. Thankappan KR415
  770. Thijs L406
  771. Thuesen BH25
  772. Toft U25
  773. Tolonen HK19
  774. Tolstrup JS88
  775. Topbas M165
  776. Topormadry R200
  777. Tormo MJ416
  778. Tornaritis MJ115
  779. Torrent M417
  780. Torrescollado L185
  781. Traissac P302
  782. Trinh OTH338
  783. Truthmann J106
  784. Tsugane S387
  785. Tullochreid MK161
  786. Tuomainen TP211
  787. Tuomilehto J19
  788. Tybjaerghansen A23
  789. Tzourio C404
  790. Ueda P397
  791. Ugel E418
  792. Ulmer H262
  793. Unal B419
  794. Uusitalo HMT420
  795. Valdivia G21
  796. Valvi D421
  797. Van Dam RM282
  798. Van Der Schouw YT422
  799. Van Herck K131
  800. Van Minh H423
  801. Van Rossem L424
  802. Van Schoor NM228
  803. Van Valkengoed IGM34
  804. Vanderschueren D129
  805. Vanuzzo D359
  806. Varbo A23
  807. Varonaperez P411
  808. Vasan SK134
  809. Vatten L239
  810. Vega T293
  811. Veidebaum T291
  812. Velasquezmelendez G187
  813. Venerofernandez SJ411
  814. Veronesi G190
  815. Verschuren WMM91
  816. Victora CG59
  817. Vidiawati D425
  818. Viet L91
  819. Villalpando S196
  820. Vioque J426
  821. Virtanen JK211
  822. Visvikissiest S407
  823. Viswanathan B100
  824. Vlasoff T427
  825. Vollenweider P306
  826. Voutilainen A211
  827. Wade AN428
  828. Wagner A322
  829. Walton J429
  830. Bebakar WMW177
  831. Mohamud WNW430
  832. Wang MD431
  833. Wang N432
  834. Wang Q433
  835. Wang YX434
  836. Wang YW124
  837. Wannamethee SG117
  838. Wedderkopp N201
  839. Wei W434
  840. Whincup PH435
  841. Widhalm K436
  842. Widyahening IS425
  843. Wiecek A128
  844. Wijga AH91
  845. Wilks RJ161
  846. Willeit J262
  847. Willeit P262
  848. Wilsgaard T309
  849. Wojtyniak B410
  850. Wongmcclure RA26
  851. Wong A117
  852. Wong TY121
  853. Woo J219
  854. Woodward M396, 437
  855. Wu FC343
  856. Wu S120
  857. Xu H438
  858. Xu L432
  859. Yan W439
  860. Yang X215
  861. Yasuharu T182
  862. Ye X289
  863. Yeow TP440
  864. Yiallouros PK441
  865. Yoosefi M3
  866. Yoshihara A237
  867. You SL412
  868. Youngercoleman NO161
  869. Yusoff AF36
  870. Zainuddin AA36
  871. Zakavi SR167
  872. Zali MR5
  873. Zamani F442
  874. Zambon S305
  875. Zampelas A301
  876. Zaw KK281
  877. Zdrojewski T67
  878. Vrkic TZ241
  879. Zhang ZY406
  880. Zhao W215
  881. Zhen S443
  882. Zheng Y444
  883. Zholdin B445
  884. Zhussupov B79
  885. Zoghlami N53
  886. Cisneros JZ330
  887. Gregg EW447
  888. Ezzati M446, 447
Show Affiliations
Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
  2. 2. University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
  3. 3. Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  4. 4. Middlesex University, London, United Kingdom
  5. 5. Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  6. 6. Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
  7. 7. Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy, Buenos Aires, Argentina
  8. 8. Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
  9. 9. Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
  10. 10. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
  11. 11. Independent researcher, Los Angeles, CA, United States
  12. 12. University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
  13. 13. Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
  14. 14. Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
  15. 15. Thomayer Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
  16. 16. Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Rome, Italy
  17. 17. South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
  18. 18. Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
  19. 19. Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
  20. 20. ICMR–National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India
  21. 21. Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
  22. 22. ICMR–National Centre for Disease Informatics and Research, Bengaluru, India
  23. 23. Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
  24. 24. Capital Medical University Beijing An Zhen Hospital, Beijing, China
  25. 25. Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
  26. 26. Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, San Jose, Costa Rica
  27. 27. Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
  28. 28. Birzeit University, Birzeit, Palestine
  29. 29. Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
  30. 30. Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  31. 31. Food and Nutrition Research Institute, Taguig, Philippines
  32. 32. Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
  33. 33. Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion, Mexico City, Mexico
  34. 34. University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
  35. 35. Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
  36. 36. Ministry of Health Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
  37. 37. Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
  38. 38. University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
  39. 39. University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
  40. 40. National Center for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Genetics, Amman, Jordan
  41. 41. Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City, Kuwait
  42. 42. Aldara Hospital and Medical Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  43. 43. King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  44. 44. Luxembourg Institute of Health, Strassen, Luxembourg
  45. 45. World Health Organization Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, Cairo, Egypt
  46. 46. Bombay Hospital and Medical Research Centre, Mumbai, India
  47. 47. University of Lille, Lille, France
  48. 48. Lille University Hospital, Lille, France
  49. 49. Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Sogndal, Norway
  50. 50. Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
  51. 51. Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, India
  52. 52. Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
  53. 53. National Institute of Public Health, Tunis, Tunisia
  54. 54. Institute of Public Health of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  55. 55. Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
  56. 56. University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States
  57. 57. Abt Associates, Kathmandu, Nepal
  58. 58. University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
  59. 59. Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
  60. 60. University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
  61. 61. Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
  62. 62. Regional Authority of Public Health, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia
  63. 63. University of Porto Medical School, Porto, Portugal
  64. 64. Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  65. 65. University of Science and Technology, Sana’a, Yemen
  66. 66. Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
  67. 67. Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
  68. 68. Universidad Autonoma de Madrid/CIBERESP, Madrid, Spain
  69. 69. University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
  70. 70. Pan American Health Organization, Washington, DC, United States
  71. 71. Mohammed V University de Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
  72. 72. Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
  73. 73. Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
  74. 74. Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
  75. 75. University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  76. 76. Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
  77. 77. University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
  78. 78. Cafam University Foundation, Bogota, Colombia
  79. 79. Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
  80. 80. Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
  81. 81. Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
  82. 82. University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
  83. 83. Sunder Lal Jain Hospital, Delhi, India
  84. 84. Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
  85. 85. Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
  86. 86. Ufa Eye Research Institute, Ufa, Russian Federation
  87. 87. Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal
  88. 88. University of Southern Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
  89. 89. University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
  90. 90. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
  91. 91. National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands
  92. 92. University of Turin, Turin, Italy
  93. 93. Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
  94. 94. Universidad de la Republica, Montevideo, Uruguay
  95. 95. Centro de Educacion Medica e Investigaciones Clinicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
  96. 96. IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
  97. 97. Toulouse University School of Medicine, Toulouse, France
  98. 98. University Hospital of Varese, Varese, Italy
  99. 99. University Hospital KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
  100. 100. Ministry of Health, Victoria, Seychelles
  101. 101. University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
  102. 102. Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
  103. 103. Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
  104. 104. German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
  105. 105. University College Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
  106. 106. Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
  107. 107. Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
  108. 108. University of Malta, Msida, Malta
  109. 109. Istanbul University – Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
  110. 110. Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
  111. 111. Gaetano Fucito Hospital, Mercato San Severino, Italy
  112. 112. University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  113. 113. Santiago de Compostela University, Santiago, Spain
  114. 114. Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Rome, Italy
  115. 115. Research and Education Institute of Child Health, Nicosia, Cyprus
  116. 116. Dr. A. Ramachandran’s Diabetes Hospital, Chennai, India
  117. 117. University College London, London, United Kingdom
  118. 118. Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
  119. 119. Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
  120. 120. Kailuan General Hospital, Tangshan, China
  121. 121. Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
  122. 122. Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
  123. 123. The Gertner Institute for Epidemiology and Health Policy Research, Ramat Gan, Israel
  124. 124. Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei, Taiwan
  125. 125. Murcia Health Council, Murcia, Spain
  126. 126. Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
  127. 127. Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju-si, South Korea
  128. 128. Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
  129. 129. Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
  130. 130. Statistics Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
  131. 131. Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
  132. 132. Agency for Preventive and Social Medicine, Bregenz, Austria
  133. 133. Federal University of Maranhao, Sao Luis, Brazil
  134. 134. University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
  135. 135. Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
  136. 136. CIBEROBN, Madrid, Spain
  137. 137. University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
  138. 138. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
  139. 139. National Council of Research, Reggio Calabria, Italy
  140. 140. Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
  141. 141. Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique
  142. 142. Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
  143. 143. National Research Centre for Preventive Medicine, Moscow, Russian Federation
  144. 144. University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
  145. 145. French Public Health Agency, St Maurice, France
  146. 146. Mediterranea Cardiocentro, Naples, Italy
  147. 147. University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
  148. 148. Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
  149. 149. University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  150. 150. Universidad de Cuenca, Cuenca, Ecuador
  151. 151. Helmholtz Zentrum Munchen, Munich, Germany
  152. 152. Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  153. 153. University Hospital Dusseldorf, Dusseldorf, Germany
  154. 154. National Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw, Poland
  155. 155. Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
  156. 156. University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
  157. 157. Ministry of Health and Medical Services, Gizo, Solomon Islands
  158. 158. Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
  159. 159. University of Skovde, Skovde, Sweden
  160. 160. National Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Tunis, Tunisia
  161. 161. The University of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica
  162. 162. Institut Hospital del Mar d’Investigacions Mediques, Barcelona, Spain
  163. 163. University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa
  164. 164. University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
  165. 165. Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
  166. 166. University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
  167. 167. Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
  168. 168. Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
  169. 169. Queen’s University of Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
  170. 170. University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
  171. 171. Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  172. 172. Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
  173. 173. Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  174. 174. Centro de Salud Villanueva Norte, Badajoz, Spain
  175. 175. Servicio Extremeno de Salud, Badajoz, Spain
  176. 176. Ministry of Health, Buenos Aires, Argentina
  177. 177. Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
  178. 178. Umea University, Umea, Sweden
  179. 179. Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
  180. 180. Hospital Universitario Son Espases, Palma, Spain
  181. 181. Kindai University, Osaka-Sayama, Japan
  182. 182. Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
  183. 183. Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
  184. 184. University of Catania, Catania, Italy
  185. 185. CIBER en Epidemiologia y Salud Publica, Alicante, Spain
  186. 186. CIBER en Epidemiologia y Salud Publica, Barcelona, Spain
  187. 187. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
  188. 188. Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
  189. 189. B. P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal
  190. 190. University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
  191. 191. University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  192. 192. Lund University, Lund, Sweden
  193. 193. McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
  194. 194. Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
  195. 195. St Anne’s University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
  196. 196. National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
  197. 197. Centro de Estudios en Diabetes A.C., Mexico City, Mexico
  198. 198. Universidad Autonoma de Santo Domingo, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
  199. 199. Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
  200. 200. Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
  201. 201. University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
  202. 202. National Center of Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China
  203. 203. Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
  204. 204. Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
  205. 205. Universidad Icesi, Cali, Colombia
  206. 206. Eternal Heart Care Centre and Research Institute, Jaipur, India
  207. 207. National Health Insurance Service, Wonju, South Korea
  208. 208. Prevention of Metabolic Disorders Research Center, Tehran, Iran
  209. 209. The University of the West Indies, Cave Hill, Barbados
  210. 210. Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  211. 211. University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
  212. 212. Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
  213. 213. University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
  214. 214. Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
  215. 215. Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
  216. 216. Joep Lange Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
  217. 217. Chronic Diseases Research Center, Tehran, Iran
  218. 218. University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
  219. 219. The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
  220. 220. University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
  221. 221. Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston, ON, Canada
  222. 222. Heart Institute, Sao Paulo, Brazil
  223. 223. Fundacion Oftalmologica de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia
  224. 224. University Oran 1, Oran, Algeria
  225. 225. Independent Public Health Specialist, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar
  226. 226. Ministry of Health and Sports, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar
  227. 227. CIBER en Epidemiologia y Salud Publica, Murcia, Spain
  228. 228. VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
  229. 229. International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
  230. 230. American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
  231. 231. Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
  232. 232. University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
  233. 233. National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Tokyo, Japan
  234. 234. Medical University Varna, Varna, Bulgaria
  235. 235. The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
  236. 236. The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
  237. 237. Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
  238. 238. Hadassah University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
  239. 239. Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
  240. 240. University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  241. 241. University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
  242. 242. University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
  243. 243. Heart Foundation, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  244. 244. Guangzhou 12th Hospital, Guangzhou, China
  245. 245. Universidad Eugenio Maria de Hostos, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
  246. 246. Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
  247. 247. Ruprecht-Karls-University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
  248. 248. World Health Organization Country Office, Delhi, India
  249. 249. Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
  250. 250. University of Opole, Opole, Poland
  251. 251. University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
  252. 252. Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
  253. 253. Maharajgunj Medical Campus, Kathmandu, Nepal
  254. 254. Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
  255. 255. National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, India
  256. 256. University of Munster, Munster, Germany
  257. 257. Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-communicable Disease, Isfahan, Iran
  258. 258. Kyrgyz State Medical Academy, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
  259. 259. Research Institute of Child Nutrition, Dortmund, Germany
  260. 260. Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
  261. 261. Hypertension Research Center, Isfahan, Iran
  262. 262. Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
  263. 263. Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
  264. 264. Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
  265. 265. National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, South Korea
  266. 266. University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
  267. 267. University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
  268. 268. Oulu Deaconess Institute Foundation, Oulu, Finland
  269. 269. Tartu University Clinics, Tartu, Estonia
  270. 270. Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
  271. 271. Ministry of Health and Quality of Life, Port Louis, Mauritius
  272. 272. University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
  273. 273. University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
  274. 274. University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
  275. 275. African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya
  276. 276. Higher Institute of Health Sciences of Settat, Settat, Morocco
  277. 277. Ministry of Health, Algiers, Algeria
  278. 278. Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
  279. 279. Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden
  280. 280. Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Tehran, Iran
  281. 281. University of Public Health, Yangon, Myanmar
  282. 282. National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
  283. 283. Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
  284. 284. Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
  285. 285. University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
  286. 286. West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
  287. 287. Oswaldo Cruz Foundation Rene Rachou Research Institute, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
  288. 288. National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
  289. 289. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
  290. 290. Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
  291. 291. National Institute for Health Development, Tallinn, Estonia
  292. 292. Universidad San Martin de Porres, Lima, Peru
  293. 293. Consejeria de Sanidad Junta de Castilla y Leon, Valladolid, Spain
  294. 294. Norrbotten County Council, Lulea, Sweden
  295. 295. Peking University, Beijing, China
  296. 296. Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
  297. 297. University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
  298. 298. The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
  299. 299. Institute of Neuroscience of the National Research Council, Padua, Italy
  300. 300. Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  301. 301. Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
  302. 302. French National Research Institute for Sustainable Development, Montpellier, France
  303. 303. Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Sao Paulo, Brazil
  304. 304. University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
  305. 305. University of Padua, Padua, Italy
  306. 306. Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
  307. 307. Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
  308. 308. Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste, Guarapuava, Brazil
  309. 309. UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromso, Norway
  310. 310. Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town, South Africa
  311. 311. Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
  312. 312. University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
  313. 313. University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
  314. 314. Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
  315. 315. Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale, Lille, France
  316. 316. ICMR–National Institute of Medical Statistics, New Delhi, India
  317. 317. Lusofona University, Lisbon, Portugal
  318. 318. Women’s Social and Health Studies Foundation, Trivandrum, India
  319. 319. Universita degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy
  320. 320. Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
  321. 321. Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Isfahan, Iran
  322. 322. University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
  323. 323. Strasbourg University Hospital, Strasbourg, France
  324. 324. University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
  325. 325. Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda
  326. 326. University of Medical Sciences of Cienfuegos, Cienfuegos, Cuba
  327. 327. Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
  328. 328. La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  329. 329. International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Warsaw, Poland
  330. 330. Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Panama City, Panama
  331. 331. World Health Organization Country Office, Lilongwe, Malawi
  332. 332. University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
  333. 333. Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
  334. 334. Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
  335. 335. Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
  336. 336. Suraj Eye Institute, Nagpur, India
  337. 337. University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
  338. 338. University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
  339. 339. Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
  340. 340. Miami Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Miami, FL, United States
  341. 341. University of Turku, Turku, Finland
  342. 342. Eastern Mediterranean Public Health Network, Amman, Jordan
  343. 343. University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
  344. 344. Japan Wildlife Research Center, Tokyo, Japan
  345. 345. Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
  346. 346. Ministry of Health, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam
  347. 347. University of Madeira, Funchal, Portugal
  348. 348. MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, Southampton, United Kingdom
  349. 349. University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
  350. 350. Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
  351. 351. Institute for Social and Preventive Medicine, Ottawa, ON, Canada
  352. 352. IRCCS Ente Ospedaliero Specializzato in Gastroenterologia S. de Bellis, Bari, Italy
  353. 353. Jivandeep Hospital, Anand, India
  354. 354. South African Medical Research Council, Durban, South Africa
  355. 355. Vietnam National Heart Institute, Hanoi, Viet Nam
  356. 356. Clinica de Medicina Avanzada Dr. Abel Gonzalez, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
  357. 357. Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology – BIPS, Bremen, Germany
  358. 358. University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
  359. 359. Cardiovascular Prevention Centre, Udine, Italy
  360. 360. Public Health Agency of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain
  361. 361. Observatorio de Salud Publica de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia
  362. 362. Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
  363. 363. Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
  364. 364. Ministry of Health, Hanoi, Viet Nam
  365. 365. India Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, India
  366. 366. Institut Universitari d’Investigacio en Atencio Primaria Jordi Gol, Girona, Spain
  367. 367. Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
  368. 368. University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
  369. 369. University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
  370. 370. University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines
  371. 371. Minas Gerais State Secretariat for Health, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
  372. 372. CS S. Agustin Ibsalut, Palma, Spain
  373. 373. Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam, Netherlands
  374. 374. Canarian Health Service, Tenerife, Spain
  375. 375. Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia
  376. 376. Associazione Calabrese di Epatologia, Reggio Calabria, Italy
  377. 377. Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
  378. 378. Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
  379. 379. Institute of Food Sciences of the National Research Council, Avellino, Italy
  380. 380. Sitaram Bhartia Institute of Science and Research, New Delhi, India
  381. 381. Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
  382. 382. National Institute of Health, Lima, Peru
  383. 383. Catalan Department of Health, Barcelona, Spain
  384. 384. Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
  385. 385. South Karelia Social and Health Care District, Lappeenranta, Finland
  386. 386. Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan, Iran
  387. 387. National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
  388. 388. University of Sao Paulo Clinics Hospital, Sao Paulo, Brazil
  389. 389. Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
  390. 390. Center for Oral Health Services and Research Mid-Norway, Trondheim, Norway
  391. 391. King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
  392. 392. National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
  393. 393. Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea
  394. 394. Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
  395. 395. St Vincent’s Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  396. 396. University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  397. 397. Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
  398. 398. Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Glostrup, Denmark
  399. 399. London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
  400. 400. Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia
  401. 401. University of Bari, Bari, Italy
  402. 402. University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
  403. 403. Institut Regional de Sante Publique, Ouidah, Benin
  404. 404. University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
  405. 405. Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir, Turkey
  406. 406. University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
  407. 407. Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale, Nancy, France
  408. 408. Bonn University, Bonn, Germany
  409. 409. Croatian Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia
  410. 410. National Institute of Public Health–National Institute of Hygiene, Warsaw, Poland
  411. 411. National Institute of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Microbiology, Havana, Cuba
  412. 412. Fu Jen Catholic University, Taipei, Taiwan
  413. 413. National Statistic Office of Cabo Verde, Praia, Cape Verde
  414. 414. Ministry of Health, Amman, Jordan
  415. 415. Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, India
  416. 416. Health Service of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
  417. 417. Institut d’Investigacio Sanitaria Illes Balears, Menorca, Spain
  418. 418. Universidad Centro-Occidental Lisandro Alvarado, Barquisimeto, Venezuela
  419. 419. Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
  420. 420. University of Tampere Tays Eye Center, Tampere, Finland
  421. 421. Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, United States
  422. 422. Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
  423. 423. Hanoi University of Public Health, Hanoi, Viet Nam
  424. 424. University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
  425. 425. Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
  426. 426. Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria y Biomedica de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
  427. 427. North Karelian Center for Public Health, Joensuu, Finland
  428. 428. University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
  429. 429. Cork Institute of Technology, Cork, Ireland
  430. 430. Institute for Medical Research, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
  431. 431. Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
  432. 432. Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing, China
  433. 433. Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
  434. 434. Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
  435. 435. St George’s, University of London, London, United Kingdom
  436. 436. Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
  437. 437. University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
  438. 438. Institute of Food and Nutrition Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
  439. 439. Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
  440. 440. Penang Medical College, Penang, Malaysia
  441. 441. University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
  442. 442. Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  443. 443. Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
  444. 444. Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
  445. 445. West Kazakhstan State Medical University, Aktobe, Kazakhstan
  446. 446. University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
  447. 447. Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom

Source: Nature Published:2020


Abstract

High blood cholesterol is typically considered a feature of wealthy western countries1,2. However, dietary and behavioural determinants of blood cholesterol are changing rapidly throughout the world3 and countries are using lipid-lowering medications at varying rates. These changes can have distinct effects on the levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and non-HDL cholesterol, which have different effects on human health4,5. However, the trends of HDL and non-HDL cholesterol levels over time have not been previously reported in a global analysis. Here we pooled 1,127 population-based studies that measured blood lipids in 102.6 million individuals aged 18 years and older to estimate trends from 1980 to 2018 in mean total, non-HDL and HDL cholesterol levels for 200 countries. Globally, there was little change in total or non-HDL cholesterol from 1980 to 2018. This was a net effect of increases in low- and middle-income countries, especially in east and southeast Asia, and decreases in high-income western countries, especially those in northwestern Europe, and in central and eastern Europe. As a result, countries with the highest level of non-HDL cholesterol—which is a marker of cardiovascular risk—changed from those in western Europe such as Belgium, Finland, Greenland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and Malta in 1980 to those in Asia and the Pacific, such as Tokelau, Malaysia, The Philippines and Thailand. In 2017, high non-HDL cholesterol was responsible for an estimated 3.9 million (95% credible interval 3.7 million–4.2 million) worldwide deaths, half of which occurred in east, southeast and south Asia. The global repositioning of lipid-related risk, with non-optimal cholesterol shifting from a distinct feature of high-income countries in northwestern Europe, north America and Australasia to one that affects countries in east and southeast Asia and Oceania should motivate the use of population-based policies and personal interventions to improve nutrition and enhance access to treatment throughout the world. © 2020, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.
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