From Hypothesis to Robust Evidence in a Nationwide Multicenter Case–Control Study on 1490 Women: Milk Stasis and Idiopathic Granulomatous Mastitis

From Hypothesis to Robust Evidence in a Nationwide Multicenter Case–Control Study on 1490 Women: Milk Stasis and Idiopathic Granulomatous Mastitis Publisher Pubmed

Alipour S ; Tabatabaian M ; Aziminezhadan P ; Boloorinejad P ; Orouji A ; Farbod M ; Nafissi N ; Madani F ; Saberi A ; Mazinani A ; Daneshpazhooh M ; Omranipour R ; Hosseinpour R ; Familamir P Show All Authors

Alipour S
Tabatabaian M
Aziminezhadan P
Boloorinejad P
Orouji A
Farbod M
Nafissi N
Madani F
Saberi A
Mazinani A
Daneshpazhooh M
Omranipour R
Hosseinpour R
Familamir P
Sarkardeh M
Tavakol M
Assarian A
Eslami B

Source: Scientific Reports Published:2025

Abstract

Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis (IGM) is rare globally and infrequent in some middle-east regions. Sex-hormonal factors have been mentioned as predisposing factors for IGM, recent large-sale studies indicate a 7.5-fold increased risk in women who have breastfed. This study investigates BF-related factors that contribute to IGM development. We conducted a multicenter case–control study and recorder BF-related events in 730 IGM patients and healthy 760 controls. The mean age of participants was 36.63 ± 6.49 in the Case and 36.96 ± 6.11 years in the Control Group (p = 0.31). IGM occurred more frequently in the contralateral breast in one-sided BF (p < 0.001), with discordance between the affected side and BF side in 68.3% of cases (p = 0.005). Multivariate analysis revealed significant associations between IGM and one-sided BF (OR = 4.21), post-weaning breast engorgement (OR = 3.06), lactational mastitis (OR = 1.93), and oral medication use for infants (OR = 2.59). The study achieved 100% statistical power for both primary and secondary objectives, with narrow confidence intervals indicating high precision. This study provides robust evidence supporting the milk stasis hypothesis, demonstrating that BF-related issues leading to milk stasis are strongly associated with IGM development. Preventive strategies to minimize milk stasis and encourage bilateral BF may help reduce IGM risk. © 2025 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.

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Ramesh Omranipoor (3)

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Style	Citing Format
MLA	Alipour S, et al.. "From Hypothesis to Robust Evidence in a Nationwide Multicenter Case–Control Study on 1490 Women: Milk Stasis and Idiopathic Granulomatous Mastitis." Scientific Reports, vol. 15, no. 1, 2025, pp. -.
APA	Alipour S, Tabatabaian M, Aziminezhadan P, Boloorinejad P, Orouji A, Farbod M, Nafissi N, Madani F, Saberi A, Mazinani A, Daneshpazhooh M, Omranipour R, Hosseinpour R, Familamir P, Sarkardeh M, Tavakol M, Assarian A, Eslami B (2025). From Hypothesis to Robust Evidence in a Nationwide Multicenter Case–Control Study on 1490 Women: Milk Stasis and Idiopathic Granulomatous Mastitis. Scientific Reports, 15(1), -.
Chicago	Alipour S, Tabatabaian M, Aziminezhadan P, Boloorinejad P, Orouji A, Farbod M, Nafissi N, et al.. "From Hypothesis to Robust Evidence in a Nationwide Multicenter Case–Control Study on 1490 Women: Milk Stasis and Idiopathic Granulomatous Mastitis." Scientific Reports 15, no. 1 (2025): -.
Harvard	Alipour S et al. (2025) 'From Hypothesis to Robust Evidence in a Nationwide Multicenter Case–Control Study on 1490 Women: Milk Stasis and Idiopathic Granulomatous Mastitis', Scientific Reports, 15(1), pp. -.
Vancouver	Alipour S, Tabatabaian M, Aziminezhadan P, Boloorinejad P, Orouji A, Farbod M, et al.. From Hypothesis to Robust Evidence in a Nationwide Multicenter Case–Control Study on 1490 Women: Milk Stasis and Idiopathic Granulomatous Mastitis. Scientific Reports. 2025;15(1):-.
BibTex	@article{ author = {Alipour S and Tabatabaian M and Aziminezhadan P and Boloorinejad P and Orouji A and Farbod M and Nafissi N and Madani F and Saberi A and Mazinani A and Daneshpazhooh M and Omranipour R and Hosseinpour R and Familamir P and Sarkardeh M and Tavakol M and Assarian A and Eslami B}, title = {From Hypothesis to Robust Evidence in a Nationwide Multicenter Case–Control Study on 1490 Women: Milk Stasis and Idiopathic Granulomatous Mastitis}, journal = {Scientific Reports}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {-}, year = {2025} }
RIS	TY - JOUR AU - Alipour S AU - Tabatabaian M AU - Aziminezhadan P AU - Boloorinejad P AU - Orouji A AU - Farbod M AU - Nafissi N AU - Madani F AU - Saberi A AU - Mazinani A AU - Daneshpazhooh M AU - Omranipour R AU - Hosseinpour R AU - Familamir P AU - Sarkardeh M AU - Tavakol M AU - Assarian A AU - Eslami B TI - From Hypothesis to Robust Evidence in a Nationwide Multicenter Case–Control Study on 1490 Women: Milk Stasis and Idiopathic Granulomatous Mastitis JO - Scientific Reports VL - 15 IS - 1 SP - EP - PY - 2025 ER -

Style

Citing Format

MLA

Alipour S, et al.. "From Hypothesis to Robust Evidence in a Nationwide Multicenter Case–Control Study on 1490 Women: Milk Stasis and Idiopathic Granulomatous Mastitis." Scientific Reports, vol. 15, no. 1, 2025, pp. -.

APA

Alipour S, Tabatabaian M, Aziminezhadan P, Boloorinejad P, Orouji A, Farbod M, Nafissi N, Madani F, Saberi A, Mazinani A, Daneshpazhooh M, Omranipour R, Hosseinpour R, Familamir P, Sarkardeh M, Tavakol M, Assarian A, Eslami B (2025). From Hypothesis to Robust Evidence in a Nationwide Multicenter Case–Control Study on 1490 Women: Milk Stasis and Idiopathic Granulomatous Mastitis. Scientific Reports, 15(1), -.

Chicago

Alipour S, Tabatabaian M, Aziminezhadan P, Boloorinejad P, Orouji A, Farbod M, Nafissi N, et al.. "From Hypothesis to Robust Evidence in a Nationwide Multicenter Case–Control Study on 1490 Women: Milk Stasis and Idiopathic Granulomatous Mastitis." Scientific Reports 15, no. 1 (2025): -.

Harvard

Alipour S et al. (2025) 'From Hypothesis to Robust Evidence in a Nationwide Multicenter Case–Control Study on 1490 Women: Milk Stasis and Idiopathic Granulomatous Mastitis', Scientific Reports, 15(1), pp. -.

Vancouver

Alipour S, Tabatabaian M, Aziminezhadan P, Boloorinejad P, Orouji A, Farbod M, et al.. From Hypothesis to Robust Evidence in a Nationwide Multicenter Case–Control Study on 1490 Women: Milk Stasis and Idiopathic Granulomatous Mastitis. Scientific Reports. 2025;15(1):-.

BibTex

@article{ author = {Alipour S and Tabatabaian M and Aziminezhadan P and Boloorinejad P and Orouji A and Farbod M and Nafissi N and Madani F and Saberi A and Mazinani A and Daneshpazhooh M and Omranipour R and Hosseinpour R and Familamir P and Sarkardeh M and Tavakol M and Assarian A and Eslami B}, title = {From Hypothesis to Robust Evidence in a Nationwide Multicenter Case–Control Study on 1490 Women: Milk Stasis and Idiopathic Granulomatous Mastitis}, journal = {Scientific Reports}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {-}, year = {2025} }

RIS

TY - JOUR
AU - Alipour S
AU - Tabatabaian M
AU - Aziminezhadan P
AU - Boloorinejad P
AU - Orouji A
AU - Farbod M
AU - Nafissi N
AU - Madani F
AU - Saberi A
AU - Mazinani A
AU - Daneshpazhooh M
AU - Omranipour R
AU - Hosseinpour R
AU - Familamir P
AU - Sarkardeh M
AU - Tavakol M
AU - Assarian A
AU - Eslami B
TI - From Hypothesis to Robust Evidence in a Nationwide Multicenter Case–Control Study on 1490 Women: Milk Stasis and Idiopathic Granulomatous Mastitis
JO - Scientific Reports
VL - 15
IS - 1
SP -
EP -
PY - 2025
ER -

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