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Association of Ambient Air Pollution and Age at Menopause: A Population-Based Cohort Study in Tehran, Iran Publisher



Namvar Z1 ; Ramezani Tehrani F2 ; Shahsavani A1, 3 ; Amini H4 ; Khodagholi F5 ; Hashemi SS6 ; Mousavi M2, 7 ; Hopke PK8, 9 ; Shahhosseini E10 ; Azizi F11 ; Mohsenibandpei A1, 3
Authors
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Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  2. 2. Reproductive Endocrinology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  3. 3. Air Quality and Climate Change Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  4. 4. Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
  5. 5. Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  6. 6. Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  7. 7. Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
  8. 8. Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, United States
  9. 9. Institute for a Sustainable Environment, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, United States
  10. 10. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  11. 11. Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

Source: Air Quality# Atmosphere and Health Published:2022


Abstract

Menopause is influenced by various factors including age, lifestyle, and environmental factors. Whether long-term exposure to ambient air pollutants is associated with a decrease in menopausal age requires further study. In this study, we investigated the association between ambient air pollutants with decreasing menopausal age in women participating in the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (TLGS). The study population were reproductive aged women who participated in TLGS. The annual average concentrations of pollutants including NO, NO2, NOX, PM10, PM2.5, SO2, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, p-xylene, m-xylene, o-xylene (BTEX), and total BTEX for each person were estimated based on the residence addresses, the date, and duration of their residence at each address using previously developed land use regression (LUR) models. The multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to estimate the hazard ratio (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) between the tertiles of study air pollutants and age at menopause, after adjustment for enter age, BMI, smoking, physical activity, menarche age, education, marital status, and parity (number of deliveries). Additionally, the associations between menopausal age and the air pollutants exposures were estimated using multivariable linear regression. There was no statistically significant association between the hazard of menopause event and tertiles of exposure to air pollutants by Cox proportional hazard models. The multiple linear regression model revealed that despite observing a negative association between air pollutants with age at menopause, this association was not statistically significant. We found associations between air pollution and reduction in menopausal age but that were not statistically significant. Further research with larger sample size is recommended for future studies. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.
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