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The Global Distribution of Lymphatic Filariasis, 2000–18: A Geospatial Analysis Publisher Pubmed



Deshpande A1 ; Millerpetrie MK1 ; Johnson KB1 ; Abdoli A2 ; Abrigo MRM3 ; Adekanmbi V4 ; Adetokunboh OO5, 6 ; Adinarayanan S7 ; Ahmadpour E8, 15 ; Ahmed MB16, 18 ; Akalu TY19 ; Alanzi TM21 ; Alinia C23 ; Alipour V25, 26 Show All Authors
Authors
  1. Deshpande A1
  2. Millerpetrie MK1
  3. Johnson KB1
  4. Abdoli A2
  5. Abrigo MRM3
  6. Adekanmbi V4
  7. Adetokunboh OO5, 6
  8. Adinarayanan S7
  9. Ahmadpour E8, 15
  10. Ahmed MB16, 18
  11. Akalu TY19
  12. Alanzi TM21
  13. Alinia C23
  14. Alipour V25, 26
  15. Amit AML31, 33
  16. Anber NH34
  17. Ancuceanu R35
  18. Andualem Z20
  19. Ansari F9, 38
  20. Antonio CAT32, 39
  21. Anvari D41, 43
  22. Appiah S44, 45
  23. Arabloo J25
  24. Arnold BF46
  25. Ausloos M47, 48
  26. Ayanore MA50
  27. Badirzadeh A27
  28. Baig AA51, 52
  29. Banach M53, 54
  30. Baraki AG19
  31. Barnighausen TW55, 56
  32. Bayati M57
  33. Bhattacharyya K59, 60
  34. Bhutta ZA61, 63, 73, 74
  35. Bijani A64
  36. Bockarie MJ68, 69
  37. Bisanzio D66, 67
  38. Biswas RK1
  39. Bohlouli S70, 71, 72
  40. Cano J75
  41. Carvalho F77
  42. Chattu VK62
  43. Chavshin C24
  44. Cormier NM1
  45. Cromwell EA1
  46. Schmidt CA1
  47. Kwong KT1
  48. Damiani G80, 82
  49. Dandona R1, 83, 84
  50. Dandona L1, 83
  51. Darwesh AM85
  52. Daryani A42
  53. Dash AP87
  54. Deribe K88, 89
  55. Dessu B90
  56. Dhimal M92
  57. Dianatinasab M58, 93
  58. Diaz D94, 95
  59. Do HT96
  60. Earl L1
  61. El Tantawi M98
  62. Faraj A99
  63. Fattahi N101
  64. Fernandes E78
  65. Fischer F107
  66. Foigt NA108
  67. Foroutan M109
  68. Guo Y110, 113
  69. Hailu GB114
  70. Hasaballah AI117
  71. Hassankhani H10
  72. Hassankhani H10
  73. Herteliu C49, 119
  74. De Hidru HD120
  75. Hon J1
  76. Hole MK121
  77. Hossain N122
  78. Hosseinzadeh M86, 123
  79. Househ M124
  80. Humayun A125
  81. Ilesanmi OS126, 127
  82. Ilic MD128, 129
  83. Iqbal U130
  84. Irvani SSN131
  85. Islam SMS132
  86. Jha RP133, 134
  87. Ji JS135, 136
  88. Jozwiak JJ137
  89. Kabir A28
  90. Kalankesh LR11
  91. Kalhor R138, 139
  92. Karami Matin B101
  93. Karch A140
  94. Karimi S12
  95. Kasaeian A29, 141
  96. Kazemi Karyani A102
  97. Kayode GA144, 145
  98. Kelbore AG91
  99. Khafaie MA146
  100. Khalilov R147, 148
  101. Khan J149
  102. Khatab K151, 152
  103. Khater MM153
  104. Khodayari M13, 154
  105. Kim YJ156
  106. King JD1
  107. Kinyoki DK1
  108. Kianipour N102
  109. Kumar GA83
  110. Kusuma D157, 160
  111. La Vecchia C81
  112. Lansingh VC161, 162
  113. Lee PH40
  114. Legrand KE1
  115. Levine AJ1
  116. Li S111
  117. Maleki S103
  118. Mansournia MA142
  119. Martinsmelo FR163
  120. Massenburg BB1
  121. Mayala BK1, 164
  122. Meitei WB150
  123. Mendoza W165
  124. Mengistu DT115
  125. Mereta ST17
  126. Mestrovic T166, 167
  127. Mihretie KM168
  128. Mohammadianhafshejani A169
  129. Mohammed S55, 170
  130. Mokdad AH1
  131. Moradi M101
  132. Moradzadeh R171
  133. Moraga P172
  134. Morrison SD1
  135. Mosser JF1
  136. Mousavi SM143
  137. Munro SB1
  138. Mupfasoni D1
  139. Muthupandian S116
  140. Mwingira UJ173, 174
  141. Naderi M103
  142. Nagarajan AJ175, 176
  143. Naik G177
  144. Negoi I36, 178
  145. Nguyen HLT179
  146. Nguyen TH97
  147. Olagunju AT180, 181
  148. Omar Bali A100
  149. Osarenotor O182
  150. Osei FB183, 184
  151. Pasupula D185
  152. Pigott DM1
  153. Shirude S1
  154. Hill E1
  155. Donkers KM1
  156. Pirsaheb M101
  157. Pourjafar H155, 186
  158. Rawaf S159, 189
  159. Rawaf DL158, 187, 188
  160. Rawassizadeh R190
  161. Rezapour A25, 191, 192
  162. Ribeiro AI79
  163. Rostami A65
  164. Sabesan S7
  165. Sadeghi E101
  166. Sajadi SM193, 194
  167. Samy AM195
  168. Sartorius B1, 37, 76
  169. Schaeffer LE1
  170. Shaikh MA196
  171. Sharafi K101, 197
  172. Soltani S101
  173. Sharifi H198
  174. Shibuya K201
  175. Shin JI202, 203
  176. Soheili A204, 205
  177. Spotin A14
  178. Stolk WA206
  179. Tesfay BE120
  180. Topormadry R208, 209
  181. Tran BX212
  182. Tran KB210, 211
  183. Ullah I213
  184. Unnikrishnan B214
  185. Vasseghian Y101
  186. Violante FS215, 216
  187. Vinkeles Melchers NVS207
  188. Yamada T217
  189. Yaya S218, 219
  190. Yazdifeyzabadi V199, 200
  191. Yip P220, 221
  192. Yonemoto N222, 223
  193. Zaki L224
  194. Zaman SB112, 225
  195. Zamanian M171
  196. Zangeneh A104
  197. Zhang Y227, 228
  198. Zhang Z226
  199. Ziapour A105
  200. Hay SI1
Show Affiliations
Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
  2. 2. Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
  3. 3. Department of Research, Philippine Institute for Development Studies, Quezon City, Philippines
  4. 4. Population Health Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
  5. 5. Centre of Excellence for Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
  6. 6. Department of Global Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
  7. 7. Vector Control Research Centre, Indian Council of Medical Research, Puducherry, India
  8. 8. Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz, Iran
  9. 9. Research Center for Evidence Based Medicine, Tabriz, Iran
  10. 10. School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tabriz, Iran
  11. 11. Health Services Management Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  12. 12. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  13. 13. Department of Public Health, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  14. 14. Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Tabriz, Iran
  15. 15. Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  16. 16. Department of Epidemiology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
  17. 17. Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Technology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
  18. 18. Australian Center for Precision Health, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  19. 19. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  20. 20. The Department of Environmental Health and Occupational Health and Safety, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  21. 21. Health Information Management and Technology Department, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
  22. 22. Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
  23. 23. Department of Health Care Management and Economics, Urmia University of Medical Science, Urmia, Iran
  24. 24. Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, Urmia University of Medical Science, Urmia, Iran
  25. 25. Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  26. 26. Health Economics Department, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  27. 27. Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  28. 28. Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  29. 29. Pars Advanced and Minimally Invasive Medical Manners Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  30. 30. Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  31. 31. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
  32. 32. Department of Health Policy and Administration, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
  33. 33. School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
  34. 34. Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
  35. 35. Pharmacy Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  36. 36. Department of General Surgery, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  37. 37. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
  38. 38. Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education, and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran
  39. 39. Department of Applied Social Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
  40. 40. School of Nursing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
  41. 41. Department of Parasitology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
  42. 42. Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
  43. 43. Department of Parasitology, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran
  44. 44. Department of Sociology and Social Work, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
  45. 45. Center for International Health, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
  46. 46. Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
  47. 47. School of Business, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
  48. 48. Department of Statistics & Econometrics, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania
  49. 49. Department of Statistics and Econometrics, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania
  50. 50. Department of Health Policy Planning and Management, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
  51. 51. Unit of Biochemistry, Sultan Zainal Abidin University, Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia
  52. 52. School of Health Sciences, Sultan Zainal Abidin University, Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia
  53. 53. Department of Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
  54. 54. Polish Mothers' Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland
  55. 55. Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
  56. 56. T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  57. 57. Health Human Resources Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  58. 58. Department of Epidemiology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  59. 59. Department of Statistical and Computational Genomics, National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, Kalyani, India
  60. 60. Department of Statistics, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
  61. 61. Centre for Global Child Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
  62. 62. Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
  63. 63. Centre of Excellence in Women & Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
  64. 64. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
  65. 65. Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
  66. 66. Global Health Division, Research Triangle Institute International, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
  67. 67. School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
  68. 68. European & Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership, Cape Town, South Africa
  69. 69. Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
  70. 70. Department of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, kermanshah, Iran
  71. 71. Department of Computer Science and Information Technology, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
  72. 72. Department of Research and Innovation, Petanux Research GmBH, Bonn, Germany
  73. 73. School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
  74. 74. Al Shifa School of Public Health, Al Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
  75. 75. Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
  76. 76. Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
  77. 77. Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences (UCIBIO), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  78. 78. Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  79. 79. EPIUnit - Public Health Institute University Porto (ISPUP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  80. 80. Clinical Dermatology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
  81. 81. Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
  82. 82. Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
  83. 83. Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India
  84. 84. Department of Health Metrics Science, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  85. 85. Department of Information Technology, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
  86. 86. Department of Computer Science, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
  87. 87. Central University Tami Nadu, Thiruvarur, India
  88. 88. Wellcome Trust Brighton and Sussex Centre for Global Health Research, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom
  89. 89. School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  90. 90. Department of Anesthesia, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
  91. 91. Department of Dermatology, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
  92. 92. Health Research Section, Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal
  93. 93. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
  94. 94. Center of Complexity Sciences, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
  95. 95. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan Rosales, Mexico
  96. 96. Center of Excellence in Public Health Nutrition, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
  97. 97. Center of Excellence in Behavioral Medicine, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
  98. 98. Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health Department, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
  99. 99. Department of Political Science, University of Human Development, Sulaimaniyah, Iraq
  100. 100. Diplomacy and Public Relations Department, University of Human Development, Sulaimaniyah, Iraq
  101. 101. Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  102. 102. Department of Public Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  103. 103. Clinical Research Development Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  104. 104. Social Development and Health Promotion Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  105. 105. Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  106. 106. Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  107. 107. Institute of Gerontological Health Services and Nursing Research, Ravensburg-Weingarten University of Applied Sciences, Weingarten, Germany
  108. 108. Institute of Gerontology, National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
  109. 109. Department of Medical Parasitology, Abadan Faculty of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran
  110. 110. Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  111. 111. School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  112. 112. The School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  113. 113. Department of Epidemiology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai City, China
  114. 114. Department of Medical Parasitology and Entomology, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  115. 115. School of Medicine, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  116. 116. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  117. 117. Department of Zoology and Entomology, Al Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
  118. 118. Independent Consultant, Tabriz, Iran
  119. 119. School of Business, London South Bank University, London, United Kingdom
  120. 120. Department of Public Health, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia
  121. 121. Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Austin, Austin, TX, United States
  122. 122. Department of Pharmacology, Bangladesh Industrial Gases Limited, Tangail, Bangladesh
  123. 123. Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam
  124. 124. College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
  125. 125. Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Shaikh Khalifa Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan Medical College, Lahore, Pakistan
  126. 126. Department of Community Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  127. 127. Department of Community Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  128. 128. Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
  129. 129. Department of Epidemiology, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
  130. 130. College of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
  131. 131. Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  132. 132. School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  133. 133. Department of Community Medicine, Dr. Baba Saheb Ambedkar Medical College & Hospital, Delhi, India
  134. 134. Department of Community Medicine, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
  135. 135. Environmental Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, China
  136. 136. Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
  137. 137. Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Opole, Opole, Poland
  138. 138. Institute for Prevention of Non-communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
  139. 139. Health Services Management Department, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
  140. 140. Institute for Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Munster, Munster, Germany
  141. 141. Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  142. 142. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  143. 143. Department of Health Policy, Management, and Economics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  144. 144. International Research Center of Excellence, Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria
  145. 145. Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
  146. 146. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
  147. 147. Department of Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Baku State University, Baku, Azerbaijan
  148. 148. Institute of Radiation Problems, Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences, Baku, Azerbaijan
  149. 149. Department of Population Studies, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
  150. 150. Department of Public Health and Mortality Studies, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
  151. 151. Faculty of Health and Wellbeing, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom
  152. 152. College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Zanesville, OH, United States
  153. 153. Department of Medical Parasitology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
  154. 154. Department of Public Health, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
  155. 155. Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
  156. 156. School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia
  157. 157. Imperial College Business School, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  158. 158. WHO Collaborating Centre for Public Health Education and Training, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  159. 159. Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  160. 160. Faculty of Public Health, University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
  161. 161. Medical Director, HelpMeSee, New York, NY, United States
  162. 162. General Director, Mexican Institute of Ophthalmology, Queretaro, Mexico
  163. 163. Campus Caucaia, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Ceara, Caucaia, Brazil
  164. 164. ICF International, DHS Program, Rockville, MD, United States
  165. 165. Peru Country Office, United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), Lima, Peru
  166. 166. Clinical Microbiology and Parasitology Unit, Dr. Zora Profozic Polyclinic, Zagreb, Croatia
  167. 167. University Centre Varazdin, University North, Varazdin, Croatia
  168. 168. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
  169. 169. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
  170. 170. Health Systems and Policy Research Unit, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
  171. 171. Department of Epidemiology, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
  172. 172. Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
  173. 173. Research Triangle Institute International, Washington DC, United States
  174. 174. Nationa Medical Institute for Medical research -NIMR, National Institutes of Health, Dar es salaam, Tanzania
  175. 175. Research and Analytics Department, Initiative for Financing Health and Human Development, Chennai, India
  176. 176. Department of Research and Analytics, Bioinsilico Technologies, Chennai, India
  177. 177. Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
  178. 178. Department of General Surgery, Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
  179. 179. Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
  180. 180. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
  181. 181. Department of Psychiatry, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
  182. 182. Department of Environmental Management and Toxicology, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
  183. 183. Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
  184. 184. Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Energy and Natural Resources, Sunyani, Ghana
  185. 185. Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
  186. 186. Dietary Supplements and Probiotic Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
  187. 187. Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
  188. 188. University College London Hospitals, London, United Kingdom
  189. 189. Academic Public Health England, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
  190. 190. Department of Computer Science, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
  191. 191. Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia
  192. 192. Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Pretoria, South Africa, South Africa
  193. 193. Department of Phytochemistry, Soran University, Soran, Iraq
  194. 194. Department of Nutrition, Cihan university-Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
  195. 195. Department of Entomology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
  196. 196. Independent Consultant, Karachi, Pakistan
  197. 197. Razi Herbal Medicines Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
  198. 198. HIV/STI Surveillance Research Center, and WHO Collaborating Center for HIV Surveillance, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
  199. 199. Health Services Management Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
  200. 200. Department of Health Management, Policy, and Economics, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
  201. 201. Institute for Population Health, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
  202. 202. College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
  203. 203. Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
  204. 204. Nursing Care Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
  205. 205. Department of Emergency Nursing, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
  206. 206. Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
  207. 207. Control of Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
  208. 208. Institute of Public Health, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
  209. 209. Agency for Health Technology Assessment and Tariff System, Warsaw, Poland
  210. 210. Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
  211. 211. Clinical Hematology and Toxicology, Maurice Wilkins Centre, Auckland, New Zealand
  212. 212. Department of Health Economics, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
  213. 213. Department of Allied Health Sciences, Iqra National University, Peshawar, Pakistan
  214. 214. Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
  215. 215. Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
  216. 216. Occupational Health Unit, Sant'Orsola Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
  217. 217. Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
  218. 218. School of International Development and Global Studies, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
  219. 219. The George Institute for Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
  220. 220. Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
  221. 221. Department of Social Work and Social Administration, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
  222. 222. Department of Neuropsychopharmaology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan
  223. 223. Department of Public Health, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
  224. 224. Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
  225. 225. Maternal and Child Health Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  226. 226. School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
  227. 227. School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
  228. 228. Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China

Source: The Lancet Global Health Published:2020


Abstract

Background: Lymphatic filariasis is a neglected tropical disease that can cause permanent disability through disruption of the lymphatic system. This disease is caused by parasitic filarial worms that are transmitted by mosquitos. Mass drug administration (MDA) of antihelmintics is recommended by WHO to eliminate lymphatic filariasis as a public health problem. This study aims to produce the first geospatial estimates of the global prevalence of lymphatic filariasis infection over time, to quantify progress towards elimination, and to identify geographical variation in distribution of infection. Methods: A global dataset of georeferenced surveyed locations was used to model annual 2000–18 lymphatic filariasis prevalence for 73 current or previously endemic countries. We applied Bayesian model-based geostatistics and time series methods to generate spatially continuous estimates of global all-age 2000–18 prevalence of lymphatic filariasis infection mapped at a resolution of 5 km2 and aggregated to estimate total number of individuals infected. Findings: We used 14 927 datapoints to fit the geospatial models. An estimated 199 million total individuals (95% uncertainty interval 174–234 million) worldwide were infected with lymphatic filariasis in 2000, with totals for WHO regions ranging from 3·1 million (1·6–5·7 million) in the region of the Americas to 107 million (91–134 million) in the South-East Asia region. By 2018, an estimated 51 million individuals (43–63 million) were infected. Broad declines in prevalence are observed globally, but focal areas in Africa and southeast Asia remain less likely to have attained infection prevalence thresholds proposed to achieve local elimination. Interpretation: Although the prevalence of lymphatic filariasis infection has declined since 2000, MDA is still necessary across large populations in Africa and Asia. Our mapped estimates can be used to identify areas where the probability of meeting infection thresholds is low, and when coupled with large uncertainty in the predictions, indicate additional data collection or intervention might be warranted before MDA programmes cease. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.