A Review on Carspecken’S Critical Ethnography Publisher



Davoudi N¹ ; Dehghan Nayeri N² ; Zokaei MS³ ; Fazeli N⁴ ; Carspecken PF⁵ Show Affiliations
Source: Qualitative Health Research Published:2025

Abstract

Critical ethnography is a research methodology that examines the influence of elements of power and domination on production, reproduction, and reflection in social life. Although researchers have used critical ethnography as a way to describe and represent culture in recent decades, methodological challenges have hindered the spread of critical ethnographic research. Among recent researchers, Carspecken has played a significant role in the development of the critical ethnographic method. His method consists of three preliminary steps (preparation of a list of questions, determination of the required information by the researcher, and researcher value orientation test) and five main steps (compilation of primary records, preliminary reconstructive analysis, dialogical data generation, description of system relations, and system relations as an explanation for the findings). In the present study, Carspecken’s critical ethnography method is introduced as an engaging and practical guide for critical research. © The Author(s) 2025.