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Abolhassani H1, 2, 3 ; Honarvar NM4, 5 ; Mosby TT6 ; Mahmoudi M4, 5
Authors
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Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  2. 2. Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
  3. 3. Cancer Immunology Project (CIP), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Stockholm, Sweden
  4. 4. School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  5. 5. Dietitians and Nutrition Experts Team (DiNET), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
  6. 6. Department of Nutrition, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States

Source: Cancer Immunology: A Translational Medicine Context# Second Edition Published:2020


Abstract

Changes in immunologic pathways play a leading role in all stages of cancer. Proper immune function also associates with quantitative and qualitative aspects of nutrition [1, 2]. Therefore, overnutrition and imbalanced nutrition may affect development, progression, and therapeutic response of cancer [2]. Pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), and interleukins 1 and 6 (IL-1 and IL-6) are important mediators of cancer complications such as cachexia [3]. A tumor can trigger the release of cytokines such as IL-6 [4], which is associated with an increase in lipolysis and proteolysis, which in turn affect the appetite and host neuroendocrine axis and induce anorexia and cachexia [4, 5]. Several neuropeptides such as neuropeptide Y (NPY) and adipokines such as leptin have been implicated in the pathogenesis of cancer cachexia syndrome [5, 6]. Thus, an imbalance of cytokine production, and neuropeptide and adipokine dysfunction as well as changes in microbiota (particularly in GI in the consequence of cancer and tumor suppressive agents) may be a major cause of the nutritional consequences of cancer. © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020.