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The Prevalence of Onchocerciasis in Africa and Yemen, 2000–2018: A Geospatial Analysis Publisher Pubmed



Schmidt CA1 ; Cromwell EA1, 2 ; Hill E1 ; Donkers KM1 ; Schipp MF1 ; Johnson KB1 ; Pigott DM1, 2 ; Abbas J3 ; Adekanmbi V4 ; Adetokunboh OO5, 6 ; Ahmed MB7, 8 ; Alanezi FM9 ; Alanzi TM10 ; Alipour V11, 12 Show All Authors
Authors
  1. Schmidt CA1
  2. Cromwell EA1, 2
  3. Hill E1
  4. Donkers KM1
  5. Schipp MF1
  6. Johnson KB1
  7. Pigott DM1, 2
  8. Abbas J3
  9. Adekanmbi V4
  10. Adetokunboh OO5, 6
  11. Ahmed MB7, 8
  12. Alanezi FM9
  13. Alanzi TM10
  14. Alipour V11, 12
  15. Andrei CL13
  16. Andrei T14
  17. Anvari D15, 16
  18. Appiah SCY17, 18
  19. Aqeel M19
  20. Arabloo J11
  21. Jafarabadi MA20, 21
  22. Ausloos M14, 22
  23. Baig AA23
  24. Banach M24, 25
  25. Barnighausen TW26, 27
  26. Bhattacharyya K28, 29
  27. Bhutta ZA30, 31
  28. Bijani A32
  29. Brady OJ33
  30. Bragazzi NL34
  31. Butt ZA35, 36
  32. Carvalho F37
  33. Chattu VK38, 39
  34. Dahlawi SMA40
  35. Damiani G41, 42
  36. Demeke FM43
  37. Deribe K44, 45
  38. Dharmaratne SD1, 2, 46
  39. Diaz D47, 48
  40. Didarloo A49
  41. Earl L1
  42. Zaki MES50
  43. El Tantawi M51
  44. Fattahi N52
  45. Fernandes E53
  46. Foigt NA54
  47. Foroutan M55, 56
  48. Franklin RC57
  49. Guo Y58, 59
  50. Hajmirzaian A60, 61
  51. Hamidi S62
  52. Hassankhani H63
  53. Herteliu C14, 65
  54. Higazi TB66
  55. Hosseini M67, 68
  56. Hosseinzadeh M69, 70
  57. Househ M71
  58. Ilesanmi OS72, 73
  59. Ilic IM74
  60. Ilic MD75
  61. Irvani SSN64
  62. Jha RP76, 77
  63. Ji JS78
  64. Jonas JB79, 80
  65. Jozwiak JJ81
  66. Kalankesh LR82
  67. Kamyari N83
  68. Matin BK52
  69. Karimi SE84
  70. Kayode GA85, 86
  71. Karyani AK52
  72. Khan EA87
  73. Khan MN88
  74. Khatab K89, 90
  75. Khater MM91
  76. Kianipour N92
  77. Kim YJ93
  78. Kosen S94
  79. Kusuma D95, 96
  80. La Vecchia C97
  81. Lansingh VC98, 99
  82. Lee PH100
  83. Li S101
  84. Maleki S102
  85. Mansournia MA67
  86. Martinsmelo FR103
  87. Mcalinden C104
  88. Mendoza W105
  89. Mestrovic T106, 107
  90. Moghadaszadeh M108, 109
  91. Mohammadianhafshejani A110
  92. Mohammadi SM111
  93. Mohammed S112, 113
  94. Moradzadeh R114
  95. Moraga P115
  96. Naderi M102
  97. Nagarajan AJ116, 117
  98. Negoi I118, 119
  99. Nguyen CT120
  100. Nguyen HLT120
  101. Oancea B121
  102. Olagunju AT122, 123
  103. Bali AO124
  104. Onwujekwe OE125
  105. Pana A14, 126
  106. Rahimimovaghar V127
  107. Ramezanzadeh K60
  108. Rawaf DL128, 129
  109. Rawaf S130, 131
  110. Rawassizadeh R132
  111. Rezapour A11
  112. Ribeiro AI133
  113. Samy AM134
  114. Shaikh MA135
  115. Sharafi K52
  116. Sheikh A136, 137
  117. Singh JA138, 139
  118. Skiadaresi E140
  119. Soltani S52
  120. Stolk WA141
  121. Sufiyan MB142
  122. Thomson AJ143
  123. Tran BX144
  124. Tran KB145, 146
  125. Unnikrishnan B147
  126. Violante FS148, 149
  127. Vu GT150
  128. Yamada T151
  129. Yaya S152, 153
  130. Yip P154, 155
  131. Yonemoto N156, 157
  132. Yu C158
  133. Yu Y159
  134. Zamanian M114
  135. Zhang Y160, 161
  136. Zhang ZJ162
  137. Ziapour A163
  138. Hay SI1, 2
Show Affiliations
Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, 98121, WA, United States
  2. 2. Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  3. 3. Antai College of Economics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
  4. 4. Department of Population Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
  5. 5. DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis (SACEMA), Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
  6. 6. Division of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
  7. 7. Department of Epidemiology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
  8. 8. Australian Center for Precision Health, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  9. 9. Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
  10. 10. Health Information Management and Technology Department, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
  11. 11. Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  12. 12. Department of Health Economics, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  13. 13. Cardiology Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  14. 14. Department of Statistics and Econometrics, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania
  15. 15. Department of Parasitology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
  16. 16. Department of Parasitology, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran
  17. 17. Department of Sociology and Social Work, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
  18. 18. Center for International Health, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
  19. 19. Department of Psychology, Foundation University Islamabad, Rawalpandi, Pakistan
  20. 20. Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  21. 21. Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
  22. 22. School of Business, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
  23. 23. Unit of Biochemistry, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin (Sultan Zainal Abidin University), Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia
  24. 24. Department of Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
  25. 25. Polish Mothers’ Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland
  26. 26. Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
  27. 27. T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  28. 28. Department of Statistical and Computational Genomics, National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, Kalyani, India
  29. 29. Department of Statistics, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
  30. 30. Centre for Global Child Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
  31. 31. Centre of Excellence in Women & Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
  32. 32. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
  33. 33. Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
  34. 34. University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
  35. 35. School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
  36. 36. Al Shifa School of Public Health, Al Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
  37. 37. Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences (UCIBIO), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  38. 38. Department of Community Medicine, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Sawangi, India
  39. 39. Saveetha Medical College, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
  40. 40. Environmental Health Department, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
  41. 41. IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi (Galeazzi Orthopedic Institute IRCCS), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
  42. 42. Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
  43. 43. Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
  44. 44. Wellcome Trust Brighton and Sussex Centre for Global Health Research, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom
  45. 45. School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  46. 46. Department of Community Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
  47. 47. Center of Complexity Sciences, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
  48. 48. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan Rosales, Mexico
  49. 49. Department of Community Medicine and Public Health, Urmia University of Medical Science, Urmia, Iran
  50. 50. Reference Laboratory of Egyptian Universities-Cairo, Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, Cairo, Egypt
  51. 51. Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health Department, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
  52. 52. Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  53. 53. Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  54. 54. Institute of Gerontology, National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
  55. 55. Department of Medical Parasitology, Abadan University of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran
  56. 56. Faculty of Medicine, Abadan University of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran
  57. 57. School of Public Health, Medical, and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Douglas, QLD, Australia
  58. 58. Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  59. 59. Department of Epidemiology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai City, China
  60. 60. Department of Pharmacology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  61. 61. Obesity Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  62. 62. School of Health and Environmental Studies, Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
  63. 63. School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  64. 64. Tabriz, Iran
  65. 65. School of Business, London South Bank University, London, United Kingdom
  66. 66. Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Zanesville, OH, United States
  67. 67. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  68. 68. Pediatric Chronic Kidney Disease Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  69. 69. Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam
  70. 70. Department of Computer Science, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
  71. 71. College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
  72. 72. Department of Community Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  73. 73. Department of Community Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  74. 74. Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
  75. 75. Department of Epidemiology, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
  76. 76. Department of Community Medicine, Dr. Baba Saheb Ambedkar Medical College & Hospital, Delhi, India
  77. 77. Department of Community Medicine, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
  78. 78. Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
  79. 79. Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology, Basel, Switzerland
  80. 80. Department of Ophthalmology, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
  81. 81. Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Opole, Opole, Poland
  82. 82. School of Management and Medical Informatics, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  83. 83. Department of Biostatistics, Abadan University of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran
  84. 84. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  85. 85. International Research Center of Excellence, Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria
  86. 86. Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
  87. 87. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Pakistan
  88. 88. Department of Population Science, Jatiya Kabi Kazi Nazrul Islam University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
  89. 89. Faculty of Health and Wellbeing, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom
  90. 90. College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Zanesville, OH, United States
  91. 91. Department of Medical Parasitology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
  92. 92. Department of Public Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  93. 93. School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia
  94. 94. Jakarta, Indonesia
  95. 95. Imperial College Business School, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  96. 96. Faculty of Public Health, University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
  97. 97. Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
  98. 98. HelpMeSee, New York, NY, United States
  99. 99. Mexican Institute of Ophthalmology, Queretaro, Mexico
  100. 100. Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
  101. 101. School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  102. 102. Clinical Research Development Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  103. 103. Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Ceara, Campus Caucaia, Caucaia, Brazil
  104. 104. Department of Ophthalmology, Singleton Hospital, Swansea, United Kingdom
  105. 105. Peru Country Office, United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), Lima, Peru
  106. 106. Clinical Microbiology and Parasitology Unit, Dr. Zora Profozic Polyclinic, Zagreb, Croatia
  107. 107. University Centre Varazdin, University North, Varazdin, Croatia
  108. 108. Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  109. 109. Molecular Medicine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  110. 110. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
  111. 111. Department of Anatomical Sciences, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
  112. 112. Health Systems and Policy Research Unit, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
  113. 113. Department of Health Care Management, Technical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
  114. 114. Department of Epidemiology, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
  115. 115. Computer, Electrical, and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
  116. 116. Research and Analytics Department, Initiative for Financing Health and Human Development, Chennai, India
  117. 117. Department of Research and Analytics, Bioinsilico Technologies, Chennai, India
  118. 118. Department of General Surgery, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  119. 119. Department of General Surgery, Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
  120. 120. Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
  121. 121. Administrative and Economic Sciences Department, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
  122. 122. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
  123. 123. Department of Psychiatry, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
  124. 124. Diplomacy and Public Relations Department, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
  125. 125. Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria
  126. 126. Department of Health Metrics, Center for Health Outcomes & Evaluation, Bucharest, Romania
  127. 127. Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  128. 128. WHO Collaborating Centre for Public Health Education and Training, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  129. 129. University College London Hospitals, London, United Kingdom
  130. 130. Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  131. 131. Academic Public Health England, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
  132. 132. Department of Computer Science, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
  133. 133. Epidemiology Research Unit (EPIUnit), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  134. 134. Department of Entomology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
  135. 135. Karachi, Pakistan
  136. 136. Centre for Medical Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
  137. 137. Division of General Internal Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  138. 138. School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
  139. 139. Medicine Service, US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), Birmingham, AL, United States
  140. 140. Department of Ophthalmology, Hywel Dda University Health Board, Llanelli, United Kingdom
  141. 141. Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
  142. 142. Department of Community Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
  143. 143. Department of Global Health Research, Adaptive Knowledge Management, Victoria, BC, Canada
  144. 144. Department of Health Economics, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
  145. 145. Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
  146. 146. Clinical Hematology and Toxicology, Maurice Wilkins Centre, Auckland, New Zealand
  147. 147. Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
  148. 148. Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
  149. 149. Occupational Health Unit, Sant’Orsola Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
  150. 150. Center of Excellence in Behavioral Medicine, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
  151. 151. Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
  152. 152. School of International Development and Global Studies, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
  153. 153. The George Institute for Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
  154. 154. Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
  155. 155. Department of Social Work and Social Administration, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
  156. 156. Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan
  157. 157. Department of Public Health, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
  158. 158. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
  159. 159. School of Public Health and Management, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
  160. 160. School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
  161. 161. Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
  162. 162. School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
  163. 163. Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran

Source: BMC Medicine Published:2022


Abstract

Background: Onchocerciasis is a disease caused by infection with Onchocerca volvulus, which is transmitted to humans via the bite of several species of black fly, and is responsible for permanent blindness or vision loss, as well as severe skin disease. Predominantly endemic in parts of Africa and Yemen, preventive chemotherapy with mass drug administration of ivermectin is the primary intervention recommended for the elimination of its transmission. Methods: A dataset of 18,116 geo-referenced prevalence survey datapoints was used to model annual 2000–2018 infection prevalence in Africa and Yemen. Using Bayesian model-based geostatistics, we generated spatially continuous estimates of all-age 2000–2018 onchocerciasis infection prevalence at the 5 × 5-km resolution as well as aggregations to the national level, along with corresponding estimates of the uncertainty in these predictions. Results: As of 2018, the prevalence of onchocerciasis infection continues to be concentrated across central and western Africa, with the highest mean estimates at the national level in Ghana (12.2%, 95% uncertainty interval [UI] 5.0–22.7). Mean estimates exceed 5% infection prevalence at the national level for Cameroon, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Guinea-Bissau, Sierra Leone, and South Sudan. Conclusions: Our analysis suggests that onchocerciasis infection has declined over the last two decades throughout western and central Africa. Focal areas of Angola, Cameroon, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Ghana, Guinea, Mali, Nigeria, South Sudan, and Uganda continue to have mean microfiladermia prevalence estimates exceeding 25%. At and above this level, the continuation or initiation of mass drug administration with ivermectin is supported. If national programs aim to eliminate onchocerciasis infection, additional surveillance or supervision of areas of predicted high prevalence would be warranted to ensure sufficiently high coverage of program interventions. © 2022, The Author(s).