Development and Psychometric Evaluation of the Psychological First Aid Competence (Pfac) Scale for Emergency Responders: A Cross-Sectional, Sequential-Exploratory Mixed-Methods Study Publisher



Rajai N ; Marzaleh MA ; Ostadtaghizadeh A ; Azizi M
Source: Health Science Reports Published:2026

Abstract

Background and Aims: There is no psychometrically sound tool tailored to assess emergency responders' competence in delivering Psychological First Aid (PFA). This study aimed to develop and evaluate the Psychological First Aid Competence (PFAC) scale for emergency responders. Methods: We used a sequential-exploratory mixed-methods design with a cross-sectional quantitative phase conducted in Iran (2024). A literature-derived coding matrix (WHO/IASC/RAPID-PFA) guided qualitative content analysis of 24 semi-structured interviews with emergency responders from prehospital services, hospital emergency departments, forensic centers, and disaster response units. Content validity was assessed by 15 experts using item impact score (IIS), content validity ratio (CVR), and item-level content validity index (I-CVI). The quantitative phase surveyed 238 responders across diverse emergency settings. Factorability was supported (KMO = 0.799; Bartlett's χ²(351) = 1566.08, p < 0.001). Exploratory factor analysis used maximum-likelihood extraction with Promax rotation. Internal consistency was examined using Cronbach's α with 95% confidence intervals. Items were rated using a 5-point Likert scale (0–4). Results: The initial pool (93 items) was refined to 88 and, after item reduction, to a final 27-item scale across three factors: ethical and belief-based responses (10 items), psychological responses (10 items), and psychological reactions of victims (7 items), explaining 36.94% of variance. Content validity met a priori threshold (all CVR ≥ critical value; I-CVI ≥ 0.78). Reliability was good for the total scale (α = 0.85, 95% CI: 0.84–0.86) and acceptable for subscales (α = 0.83; 0.78; 0.81). Nine items were interview-derived, and 18 were literature-derived. Conclusion: The PFAC demonstrates acceptable validity and reliability for assessing PFA competence in emergency responders. Further studies should examine test–retest reliability and confirmatory factor analysis in diverse settings. © 2026 The Author(s). Health Science Reports published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.