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Repositioning of the Global Epicentre of Non-Optimal Cholesterol Publisher Pubmed



Taddei C447 ; Zhou B447 ; Bixby H447 ; Carrillolarco RM447 ; Danaei G1 ; Jackson RT2 ; Farzadfar F3 ; Sophiea MK447 ; Di Cesare M4 ; Iurilli MLC447 ; Martinez AR447 ; Asghari G5 ; Dhana K6 ; Gulayin P7 Show All Authors
Authors
  1. Taddei C447
  2. Zhou B447
  3. Bixby H447
  4. Carrillolarco RM447
  5. Danaei G1
  6. Jackson RT2
  7. Farzadfar F3
  8. Sophiea MK447
  9. Di Cesare M4
  10. Iurilli MLC447
  11. Martinez AR447
  12. Asghari G5
  13. Dhana K6
  14. Gulayin P7
  15. Kakarmath S8
  16. Santero M7
  17. Voortman T9
  18. Riley LM10
  19. Cowan MJ10
  20. Savin S10
  21. Bennett JE447
  22. Stevens GA11, 447
  23. Paciorek CJ12
  24. Aekplakorn W13
  25. Cifkova R14, 15
  26. Giampaoli S16
  27. Kengne AP17
  28. Khang YH18
  29. Kuulasmaa K19
  30. Laxmaiah A20
  31. Margozzini P21
  32. Mathur P22
  33. Nordestgaard BG23
  34. Zhao D24
  35. Aadahl M25
  36. Abarcagomez L26
  37. Rahim HA27
  38. Aburmeileh NM28
  39. Acostacazares B29
  40. Adams RJ30
  41. Agdeppa IA31
  42. Aghazadehattari J32
  43. Aguilarsalinas CA33
  44. Agyemang C34
  45. Ahluwalia TS35
  46. Ahmad NA36
  47. Ahmadi A37
  48. Ahmadi N3
  49. Ahmed SH38
  50. Ahrens W39
  51. Ajlouni K40
  52. Alarouj M41
  53. Albuhairan F42
  54. Aldhukair S43
  55. Ali MM10
  56. Alkandari A41
  57. Alkerwi A44
  58. Aly E45
  59. Amarapurkar DN46
  60. Amouyel P47, 48
  61. Andersen LB49
  62. Anderssen SA50
  63. Anjana RM51
  64. Ansarimoghaddam A52
  65. Aounallahskhiri H53
  66. Araujo J54
  67. Ariansen I55
  68. Aris T36
  69. Arku RE56
  70. Arlappa N20
  71. Aryal KK57
  72. Aspelund T58
  73. Assuncao MCF59
  74. Auvinen J60, 61
  75. Avdicova M62
  76. Azevedo A63
  77. Azizi F64
  78. Azmin M3
  79. Balakrishna N20
  80. Bamoshmoosh M65
  81. Banach M66
  82. Bandosz P67
  83. Banegas JR68
  84. Barbagallo CM69
  85. Barcelo A70
  86. Barkat A71
  87. Bata I72
  88. Batieha AM73
  89. Batyrbek A74
  90. Baur LA75
  91. Beaglehole R2
  92. Belavendra A76
  93. Ben Romdhane H77
  94. Benet M78
  95. Benn M23
  96. Berkinbayev S79
  97. Bernabeortiz A80
  98. Bernotiene G81
  99. Bettiol H82
  100. Bhargava SK83
  101. Bi Y84
  102. Bienek A85
  103. Bikbov M86
  104. Bista B87
  105. Bjerregaard P88
  106. Bjertness E38
  107. Bjertness MB38
  108. Bjorkelund C89
  109. Bloch KV90
  110. Blokstra A91
  111. Bo S92
  112. Boehm BO93
  113. Boggia JG94
  114. Boissonnet CP95
  115. Bonaccio M96
  116. Bongard V97
  117. Borchini R98
  118. Borghs H99
  119. Bovet P100, 101
  120. Brajkovich I102
  121. Breckenkamp J103
  122. Brenner H104
  123. Brewster LM34
  124. Bruno G92
  125. Bugge A105
  126. Busch MA106
  127. De Leon AC107
  128. Cacciottolo J108
  129. Can G109
  130. Candido APC110
  131. Capanzana MV31
  132. Capuano E111
  133. Capuano V111
  134. Cardoso VC82
  135. Carvalho J112
  136. Casanueva FF113
  137. Censi L114
  138. Chadjigeorgiou CA115
  139. Chamukuttan S116
  140. Chaturvedi N117
  141. Chen CJ118
  142. Chen F119
  143. Chen S120
  144. Cheng CY121
  145. Cheraghian B122
  146. Chetrit A123
  147. Chiou ST124
  148. Chirlaque MD125
  149. Cho B126
  150. Cho Y127
  151. Chudek J128
  152. Claessens F129
  153. Clarke J130
  154. Clays E131
  155. Concin H132
  156. Confortin SC133
  157. Cooper C134
  158. Costanzo S96
  159. Cottel D135
  160. Cowell C75
  161. Crujeiras AB136
  162. Csilla S137
  163. Cui L120
  164. Cureau FV138
  165. Darrigo G139
  166. Dorsi E140
  167. Dallongeville J135
  168. Damasceno A141
  169. Dankner R123
  170. Dantoft TM25
  171. Dauchet L47, 48
  172. Davletov K74
  173. De Backer G131
  174. De Bacquer D131
  175. De Gaetano G96
  176. De Henauw S131
  177. De Oliveira PD59
  178. De Ridder D142
  179. De Smedt D131
  180. Deepa M51
  181. Deev AD143
  182. Dehghan A447
  183. Delisle H144
  184. Dennison E134
  185. Deschamps V145
  186. Dhimal M87
  187. Di Castelnuovo AF146
  188. Dika Z147
  189. Djalalinia S148
  190. Dobson AJ149
  191. Donfrancesco C16
  192. Donoso SP150
  193. Doring A151
  194. Dorobantu M152
  195. Dragano N153
  196. Drygas W66, 154
  197. Du Y106
  198. Duante CA31
  199. Duda RB155
  200. Dzerve V156
  201. Dziankowskazaborszczyk E66
  202. Eddie R157
  203. Eftekhar E158
  204. Eggertsen R89
  205. Eghtesad S3
  206. Eiben G159
  207. Ekelund U50
  208. El Ati J160
  209. Eldemireshearer D161
  210. Eliasen M25
  211. Elosua R162
  212. Erasmus RT163
  213. Erbel R164
  214. Erem C165
  215. Eriksen L88
  216. Eriksson JG166
  217. Escobedode La Pena J29
  218. Eslami S167
  219. Esmaeili A168
  220. Evans A169
  221. Faeh D170
  222. Fall CH134
  223. Faramarzi E171
  224. Farjam M172
  225. Fattahi MR173
  226. Felixredondo FJ174
  227. Ferguson TS161
  228. Fernandezberges D175
  229. Ferrante D176
  230. Ferrari M114
  231. Ferreccio C21
  232. Ferrieres J97
  233. Foger B132
  234. Foo LH177
  235. Forslund AS178
  236. Forsner M178
  237. Fouad HM45
  238. Francis DK161
  239. Do Carmo Franco M179
  240. Franco OH9
  241. Frontera G180
  242. Fujita Y181
  243. Fumihiko M182
  244. Furusawa T182
  245. Gaciong Z183
  246. Galvano F184
  247. Gao J120
  248. Garciadelahera M185
  249. Garnett SP75
  250. Gaspoz JM142
  251. Gasull M186
  252. Gazzinelli A187
  253. Geleijnse JM188
  254. Ghanbari A3
  255. Ghasemi E3
  256. Gheorghefronea OF152
  257. Ghimire A189
  258. Gianfagna F146, 190
  259. Gill TK191
  260. Giovannelli J47, 48
  261. Gironella G31
  262. Giwercman A192
  263. Goltzman D193
  264. Goncalves H59
  265. Gonzalezchica DA191
  266. Gonzalezgross M194
  267. Gonzalezrivas JP195
  268. Gonzalezvillalpando C196
  269. Gonzalezvillalpando ME197
  270. Gonzalez AR198
  271. Gottrand F47
  272. Graffiversen S55
  273. Grafnetter D199
  274. Gregor RD72
  275. Grodzicki T200
  276. Grontved A201
  277. Grosso G184
  278. Gruden G92
  279. Gu D202
  280. Guallarcastillon P68
  281. Guan OP203
  282. Gudmundsson EF204
  283. Gudnason V58
  284. Guerrero R205
  285. Guessous I142
  286. Gunnlaugsdottir J204
  287. Gupta R206
  288. Gutierrez L7
  289. Gutzwiller F170
  290. Ha S207
  291. Hadaegh F208
  292. Haghshenas R3
  293. Hakimi H168
  294. Hambleton IR209
  295. Hamzeh B210
  296. Hantunen S211
  297. Kumar RH20
  298. Hashemishahri SM52
  299. Hata J212
  300. Haugsgjerd T213
  301. Hayes AJ75
  302. He J214
  303. He Y215
  304. Hendriks ME216
  305. Henriques A54
  306. Herrala S61
  307. Heshmat R217
  308. Hill AG134
  309. Ho SY218
  310. Ho SC219
  311. Hobbs M220
  312. Hofman A9
  313. Homayounfar R172
  314. Hopman WM221
  315. Horimoto ARVR222
  316. Hormiga CM223
  317. Horta BL59
  318. Houti L224
  319. Howitt C209
  320. Htay TT225
  321. Htet AS226
  322. Htike MMT226
  323. Huerta JM227
  324. Huhtaniemi IT447
  325. Huisman M228
  326. Hunsberger ML89
  327. Husseini AS28
  328. Huybrechts I229
  329. Hwalla N230
  330. Iacoviello L96, 190
  331. Iannone AG111
  332. Ibrahim MM231
  333. Wong NI36
  334. Iglesia I232
  335. Ikeda N233
  336. Ikram MA9
  337. Iotova V234
  338. Irazola VE7
  339. Ishida T235
  340. Islam M236
  341. Alsafi Ismail A177
  342. Iwasaki M237
  343. Jacobs JM238
  344. Jaddou HY73
  345. Jafar T121
  346. James K161
  347. Jamrozik K191
  348. Janszky I239
  349. Janus E240
  350. Jarvelin MR60, 61, 447
  351. Jasienska G200
  352. Jelakovic A241
  353. Jelakovic B242
  354. Jennings G243
  355. Jensen GB23
  356. Jeong SL207
  357. Jha AK87
  358. Jiang CQ244
  359. Jimenez RO245
  360. Jockel KH164
  361. Joffres M246
  362. Jokelainen JJ61
  363. Jonas JB247
  364. Jorgensen T25
  365. Joshi P248
  366. Joukar F249
  367. Jozwiak J250
  368. Juolevi A19
  369. Kafatos A251
  370. Kajantie EO19
  371. Kalterleibovici O123
  372. Kamaruddin NA252
  373. Kamstrup PR23
  374. Karki KB253
  375. Katz J254
  376. Kauhanen J211
  377. Kaur P255
  378. Kavousi M9
  379. Kazakbaeva G86
  380. Keil U256
  381. Keinanenkiukaanniemi S61
  382. Kelishadi R257
  383. Keramati M167
  384. Kerimkulova A258
  385. Kersting M259
  386. Khader YS73
  387. Khalili D5
  388. Khateeb M40
  389. Kheradmand M260
  390. Khosravi A261
  391. Kiechlkohlendorfer U262
  392. Kiechl S262
  393. Killewo J263
  394. Kim HC264
  395. Kim J265
  396. Kim YY207
  397. Klumbiene J81
  398. Knoflach M262
  399. Ko S85
  400. Kohler HP266
  401. Kohler IV266
  402. Kolle E50
  403. Kolsteren P131
  404. Konig J267
  405. Korpelainen R60, 268
  406. Korrovits P269
  407. Kos J241
  408. Koskinen S19
  409. Kouda K270
  410. Kowlessur S271
  411. Kratzer W272
  412. Kriemler S170
  413. Kristensen PL201
  414. Krokstad S239
  415. Kromhout D273
  416. Kujala UM274
  417. Kurjata P154
  418. Kyobutungi C275
  419. Laamiri FZ276
  420. Laatikainen T19
  421. Lachat C131
  422. Laid Y277
  423. Lam TH218
  424. Lambrinou CP278
  425. Lanska V199
  426. Lappas G279
  427. Larijani B280
  428. Latt TS281
  429. Laugsand LE239
  430. Lazoporras M80
  431. Lee J282
  432. Lee J282
  433. Lehmann N164
  434. Lehtimaki T283, 284
  435. Levitt NS285
  436. Li Y1
  437. Lilly CL286
  438. Lim WY282
  439. Limacosta MF287
  440. Lin HH288
  441. Lin X289
  442. Lin YT290
  443. Lind L290
  444. Linneberg A25
  445. Lissner L89
  446. Liu J24
  447. Loit HM291
  448. Lopezgarcia E68
  449. Lopez T292
  450. Lotufo PA82
  451. Lozano JE293
  452. Luksiene D81
  453. Lundqvist A19
  454. Lundqvist R294
  455. Lunet N112
  456. Ma G295
  457. Machadocoelho GLL296
  458. Machadorodrigues AM297
  459. Machi S298
  460. Madar AA38
  461. Maggi S299
  462. Magliano DJ300
  463. Magriplis E301
  464. Mahasampath G76
  465. Maire B302
  466. Makdisse M303
  467. Malekzadeh F173
  468. Malekzadeh R3
  469. Rao KM20
  470. Manios Y278
  471. Mann JI304
  472. Mansourghanaei F249
  473. Manzato E305
  474. Marquesvidal P306
  475. Martorell R307
  476. Mascarenhas LP308
  477. Mathiesen EB309
  478. Matsha TE310
  479. Mavrogianni C278
  480. Mcfarlane SR161
  481. Mcgarvey ST311
  482. Mclachlan S312
  483. Mclean RM304
  484. Mclean SB130
  485. Mcnulty BA313
  486. Medienebenchekor S224
  487. Mehdipour P3
  488. Mehlig K89
  489. Mehrparvar AH314
  490. Meirhaeghe A315
  491. Meisinger C151
  492. Menezes AMB59
  493. Menon GR316
  494. Merat S3
  495. Mereke A74
  496. Meshram II20
  497. Metcalf P2
  498. Meyer HE38
  499. Mi J119
  500. Michels N131
  501. Miller JC304
  502. Minderico CS317
  503. Mini GK318
  504. Miquel JF21
  505. Miranda JJ80
  506. Mirjalili MR314
  507. Mirrakhimov E258
  508. Modesti PA319
  509. Moghaddam SS3
  510. Mohajer B3
  511. Mohamed MK320
  512. Mohammad K3
  513. Mohammadi Z3
  514. Mohammadifard N321
  515. Mohammadpourhodki R167
  516. Mohan V51
  517. Mohanna S80
  518. Yusoff MFM36
  519. Mohebbi I32
  520. Mohebi F3
  521. Moitry M322, 323
  522. Mollehave LT25
  523. Moller NC201
  524. Molnar D324
  525. Momenan A5
  526. Mondo CK325
  527. Monterrubioflores E196
  528. Moosazadeh M260
  529. Morejon A326
  530. Moreno LA232
  531. Morgan K327
  532. Morin SN193
  533. Moschonis G328
  534. Mossakowska M329
  535. Mostafa A320
  536. Mota J112
  537. Motlagh ME122
  538. Motta J330
  539. Msyamboza KP331
  540. Muiesan ML332
  541. Mullernurasyid M151
  542. Mursu J211
  543. Mustafa N252
  544. Nabipour I333
  545. Naderimagham S3
  546. Nagel G334
  547. Naidu BM36
  548. Najafi F210
  549. Nakamura H335
  550. Namesna J62
  551. Nang EEK282
  552. Nangia VB336
  553. Nauck M337
  554. Neal WA286
  555. Nejatizadeh A158
  556. Nenko I200
  557. Nervi F21
  558. Nguyen ND338
  559. Nguyen QN339
  560. Nietomartinez RE340
  561. Nihal T76
  562. Niiranen TJ19, 341
  563. Ning G84
  564. Ninomiya T212
  565. Noale M299
  566. Noboa OA94
  567. Noto D69
  568. Nsour MA342
  569. Nuhoglu I165
  570. Oneill TW343
  571. Oreilly D169
  572. Ochoaaviles AM150
  573. Oh K127
  574. Ohtsuka R344
  575. Olafsson O204
  576. Olie V145
  577. Oliveira IO59
  578. Omar MA36
  579. Onat A345
  580. Ong SK346
  581. Ordunez P70
  582. Ornelas R347
  583. Ortiz PJ80
  584. Osmond C348
  585. Ostojic SM349
  586. Ostovar A3
  587. Otero JA223
  588. Owusudabo E350
  589. Paccaud FM351
  590. Pahomova E156
  591. Pajak A200
  592. Palmieri L16
  593. Pan WH118
  594. Pandajonas S247
  595. Panza F352
  596. Parnell WR304
  597. Patel ND353
  598. Peer N354
  599. Peixoto SV287
  600. Peltonen M19
  601. Pereira AC222
  602. Peters A151
  603. Petersmann A337
  604. Petkeviciene J81
  605. Peykari N148
  606. Pham ST355
  607. Pichardo RN356
  608. Pigeot I357
  609. Pilav A358
  610. Pilotto L359
  611. Piwonska A154
  612. Pizarro AN112
  613. Plansrubio P360
  614. Plata S361
  615. Pohlabeln H357
  616. Porta M162
  617. Portegies MLP9
  618. Poudyal A87
  619. Pourfarzi F362
  620. Poustchi H3
  621. Pradeepa R51
  622. Price JF312
  623. Providencia R117
  624. Puder JJ306
  625. Puhakka SE60, 268
  626. Punab M269
  627. Qorbani M363
  628. Bao TQ364
  629. Radisauskas R81
  630. Rahimikazerooni S173
  631. Raitakari O341
  632. Rao SR255
  633. Ramachandran A365
  634. Ramos E63
  635. Ramos R366
  636. Rampal L367
  637. Rampal S368
  638. Redon J369
  639. Reganit PFM370
  640. Revilla L292
  641. Rezaianzadeh A173
  642. Ribeiro R371
  643. Richter A337
  644. Rigo F372
  645. Rinke De Wit TF373
  646. Rodriguezartalejo F68
  647. Del Cristo Rodriguezperez M374
  648. Rodriguezvillamizar LA375
  649. Roggenbuck U164
  650. Rojasmartinez R196
  651. Romaguera D136
  652. Romeo EL376
  653. Rosengren A89, 377
  654. Roy JGR130
  655. Rubinstein A7
  656. Ruidavets JB378
  657. Ruizbetancourt BS29
  658. Russo P379
  659. Rust P267
  660. Rutkowski M67
  661. Sabanayagam C203
  662. Sachdev HS380
  663. Sadjadi A3
  664. Safarpour AR173
  665. Safiri S171
  666. Saidi O381
  667. Saki N122
  668. Salanave B145
  669. Salmeron D227
  670. Salomaa V19
  671. Salonen JT166
  672. Salvetti M332
  673. Sanchezabanto J382
  674. Sans S383
  675. Santaliestrapasias AM232
  676. Santos DA384
  677. Santos MP112
  678. Santos R112
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  680. Sardinha LB384
  681. Sarrafzadegan N386
  682. Saum KU104
  683. Savva SC115
  684. Sawada N387
  685. Sbaraini M138
  686. Scazufca M388
  687. Schaan BD138
  688. Schargrodsky H389
  689. Scheidtnave C106
  690. Schienkiewitz A106
  691. Schipf S337
  692. Schmidt CO337
  693. Schottker B104
  694. Schramm S164
  695. Sebert S60
  696. Sein AA226
  697. Sen A390
  698. Sepanlou SG3
  699. Servais J130
  700. Shakeri R3
  701. Shalnova SA143
  702. Shamahlevy T196
  703. Sharafkhah M3
  704. Sharma SK189
  705. Shaw JE300
  706. Shayanrad A3
  707. Shi Z27
  708. Shibuya K391
  709. Shimizufurusawa H392
  710. Shin DW393
  711. Shin Y203
  712. Shirani M37
  713. Shiri R394
  714. Shrestha N87
  715. Siramlee K346
  716. Siani A379
  717. Siantar R203
  718. Sibai AM230
  719. Silva DAS140
  720. Simon M365
  721. Simons J395
  722. Simons LA396
  723. Sjostrom M397
  724. Skaaby T398
  725. Slowikowskahilczer J66
  726. Slusarczyk P329
  727. Smeeth L399
  728. Snijder MB34
  729. Soderberg S178
  730. Soemantri A400
  731. Sofat R117
  732. Solfrizzi V401
  733. Somi MH171
  734. Sonestedt E192
  735. Sorensen TIA402
  736. Jerome CS403
  737. Soumare A404
  738. Sozmen K405
  739. Sparrenberger K138
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  742. Stavreski B243
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  748. Stieber J151
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  753. Suarezmedina R411
  754. Sun CA412
  755. Sundstrom J290
  756. Suriyawongpaisal P13
  757. Sy RG370
  758. Sylva RC413
  759. Szklo M254
  760. Tai ES282
  761. Tamosiunas A81
  762. Tan EJ75
  763. Tarawneh MR414
  764. Tarquimamani CB382
  765. Taylor A191
  766. Taylor J117
  767. Tell GS213
  768. Tello T80
  769. Thankappan KR415
  770. Thijs L406
  771. Thuesen BH25
  772. Toft U25
  773. Tolonen HK19
  774. Tolstrup JS88
  775. Topbas M165
  776. Topormadry R200
  777. Tormo MJ416
  778. Tornaritis MJ115
  779. Torrent M417
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  787. Tuomilehto J19
  788. Tybjaerghansen A23
  789. Tzourio C404
  790. Ueda P397
  791. Ugel E418
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  793. Unal B419
  794. Uusitalo HMT420
  795. Valdivia G21
  796. Valvi D421
  797. Van Dam RM282
  798. Van Der Schouw YT422
  799. Van Herck K131
  800. Van Minh H423
  801. Van Rossem L424
  802. Van Schoor NM228
  803. Van Valkengoed IGM34
  804. Vanderschueren D129
  805. Vanuzzo D359
  806. Varbo A23
  807. Varonaperez P411
  808. Vasan SK134
  809. Vatten L239
  810. Vega T293
  811. Veidebaum T291
  812. Velasquezmelendez G187
  813. Venerofernandez SJ411
  814. Veronesi G190
  815. Verschuren WMM91
  816. Victora CG59
  817. Vidiawati D425
  818. Viet L91
  819. Villalpando S196
  820. Vioque J426
  821. Virtanen JK211
  822. Visvikissiest S407
  823. Viswanathan B100
  824. Vlasoff T427
  825. Vollenweider P306
  826. Voutilainen A211
  827. Wade AN428
  828. Wagner A322
  829. Walton J429
  830. Bebakar WMW177
  831. Mohamud WNW430
  832. Wang MD431
  833. Wang N432
  834. Wang Q433
  835. Wang YX434
  836. Wang YW124
  837. Wannamethee SG117
  838. Wedderkopp N201
  839. Wei W434
  840. Whincup PH435
  841. Widhalm K436
  842. Widyahening IS425
  843. Wiecek A128
  844. Wijga AH91
  845. Wilks RJ161
  846. Willeit J262
  847. Willeit P262
  848. Wilsgaard T309
  849. Wojtyniak B410
  850. Wongmcclure RA26
  851. Wong A117
  852. Wong TY121
  853. Woo J219
  854. Woodward M396, 437
  855. Wu FC343
  856. Wu S120
  857. Xu H438
  858. Xu L432
  859. Yan W439
  860. Yang X215
  861. Yasuharu T182
  862. Ye X289
  863. Yeow TP440
  864. Yiallouros PK441
  865. Yoosefi M3
  866. Yoshihara A237
  867. You SL412
  868. Youngercoleman NO161
  869. Yusoff AF36
  870. Zainuddin AA36
  871. Zakavi SR167
  872. Zali MR5
  873. Zamani F442
  874. Zambon S305
  875. Zampelas A301
  876. Zaw KK281
  877. Zdrojewski T67
  878. Vrkic TZ241
  879. Zhang ZY406
  880. Zhao W215
  881. Zhen S443
  882. Zheng Y444
  883. Zholdin B445
  884. Zhussupov B79
  885. Zoghlami N53
  886. Cisneros JZ330
  887. Gregg EW447
  888. Ezzati M446, 447

Source: Nature Published:2020


Abstract

High blood cholesterol is typically considered a feature of wealthy western countries1,2. However, dietary and behavioural determinants of blood cholesterol are changing rapidly throughout the world3 and countries are using lipid-lowering medications at varying rates. These changes can have distinct effects on the levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and non-HDL cholesterol, which have different effects on human health4,5. However, the trends of HDL and non-HDL cholesterol levels over time have not been previously reported in a global analysis. Here we pooled 1,127 population-based studies that measured blood lipids in 102.6 million individuals aged 18 years and older to estimate trends from 1980 to 2018 in mean total, non-HDL and HDL cholesterol levels for 200 countries. Globally, there was little change in total or non-HDL cholesterol from 1980 to 2018. This was a net effect of increases in low- and middle-income countries, especially in east and southeast Asia, and decreases in high-income western countries, especially those in northwestern Europe, and in central and eastern Europe. As a result, countries with the highest level of non-HDL cholesterol—which is a marker of cardiovascular risk—changed from those in western Europe such as Belgium, Finland, Greenland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and Malta in 1980 to those in Asia and the Pacific, such as Tokelau, Malaysia, The Philippines and Thailand. In 2017, high non-HDL cholesterol was responsible for an estimated 3.9 million (95% credible interval 3.7 million–4.2 million) worldwide deaths, half of which occurred in east, southeast and south Asia. The global repositioning of lipid-related risk, with non-optimal cholesterol shifting from a distinct feature of high-income countries in northwestern Europe, north America and Australasia to one that affects countries in east and southeast Asia and Oceania should motivate the use of population-based policies and personal interventions to improve nutrition and enhance access to treatment throughout the world. © 2020, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.
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