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Monkeypox: A Comprehensive Review of Virology, Epidemiology, Transmission, Diagnosis, Prevention, Treatment, and Artificial Intelligence Applications Publisher



Rahmani E1 ; Bayat Z2 ; Farrokhi M3 ; Karimian S2 ; Zahedpasha R4 ; Sabzehie H5 ; Poor SR2 ; Khouzani PJ6 ; Aminpour S7 ; Karami M8 ; Afsharjahanshahi O9 ; Sharifi M10 ; Dalvandi B2 ; Dalvandi R2 Show All Authors
Authors
  1. Rahmani E1
  2. Bayat Z2
  3. Farrokhi M3
  4. Karimian S2
  5. Zahedpasha R4
  6. Sabzehie H5
  7. Poor SR2
  8. Khouzani PJ6
  9. Aminpour S7
  10. Karami M8
  11. Afsharjahanshahi O9
  12. Sharifi M10
  13. Dalvandi B2
  14. Dalvandi R2
  15. Esfahani A2
  16. Alaei M2
  17. Mirbolouk M11
  18. Moradi F2
  19. Nozari A2
  20. Mirabedini SMS2
  21. Janmohamadi M2
  22. Moghimi S12
  23. Nikfarjam F2
  24. Sarnaghy FJ2
  25. Mirbolook A2
  26. Pirouzan M2
  27. Virsoudi MM2
  28. Fard AM2
  29. Nikandishnobar M13
  30. Hezarani HB14
  31. Fadavighafari M2
  32. Farrokhi M3

Source: Archives of Academic Emergency Medicine Published:2024


Abstract

Monkeypox (Mpox), an uncommon zoonotic Orthopoxvirus, is commonly manifested by blisters on the skin and has a mortality rate of approximately 0-10%. Approximately two decades after the cessation of global smallpox vaccination, the number of confirmed cases of Mpox has been growing, making it the most common Orthopoxvirus infection. Therefore, in this narrative review, we aimed to shed light on recent advancements in the pathophysiology, transmission routes, epidemiology, manifestations, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of Mpox, as well as the application of artificial intelligence (AI) methods for predicting this disease. The clinical manifestations of Mpox, including the onset of symptoms and dermatologic characteristics, are similar to those of the infamous smallpox, but Mpox is clinically milder. Notably, a key difference between smallpox and Mpox is the high prevalence of lymphadenopathy. Human-to-human, animal-to-human, and animal-to-animal transmission are the three main pathways of Mpox spread that must be considered for effective prevention, particularly during outbreaks. PCR testing, as the preferred method for diagnosing Mpox infection, can enhance early detection of new cases and thereby improve infection control measures. JYNNEOS and ACAM2000 are among the vaccines most commonly recommended for the prevention of Mpox. Brincidofovir, Cidofovir, and Tecovirimat are the primary treatments for Mpox cases. Similar to other viral infections, the best approach to managing Mpox is prevention. This can, in part, be achieved through measures such as reducing contact with individuals displaying symptoms, maintaining personal safety, and adhering to practices commonly used to prevent sexually transmitted infections. © This open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial 3.0 License (CC BY-NC 3.0).