The Interactions Between Functional Foods, Epigenetics, and Chronic Diseases Publisher



Doaei S¹ ; Ardekanizadeh NH² ; Abdollahi S³
Source: Molecular Mechanisms of Action of Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals for Chronic Diseases: Volume II Published:2023

Abstract

Functional foods (FFs) are good for health, and their benefits go beyond the effects of their nutrients. However, some foods may apply their effects through epigenetic modifications. This study aimed to discuss the impact of interactions between epigenetics and FFs on the prevention of chronic diseases. Epigenetic modifications refer to the regulation of gene expression with mechanisms that are not caused by changes in the DNA sequence, including DNA methylation and histone modifications. According to evidence, the epigenetic effects of a diet may influence susceptibility to disease. For example, folate is associated with phenotypic changes through its effect on DNA methylation. The availability of maternal methyl donor nutrients through following a folate-rich diet early in pregnancy is essential for the proper development of the fetus and affects health and susceptibility to diseases such as cancer in children throughout life. Diets rich in methyl nutrients, especially in the early stages of growth, can rapidly affect gene expression and have long-term effects on adult life. In addition, the potential epigenetic effects of several foods, mainly vegetables, were reported in some studies, demonstrating that a reduction in the DNA hypermethylation of vital genes may lead to tumor suppression. For instance, green tea contains polyphenols that have many biological activities, including inhibiting DNA methylation. Moreover, foods rich in eicosapentaenoic acid were found to be strongly associated with DNA methylation in infants and adult males. In conclusion, FFs may affect epigenetic modifications in various genes affecting the risk of chronic disease. Long-term, large-sample size studies are needed to determine the effects of FFs on gene expression and protein synthesis, and ultimately human health. © 2023 selection and editorial matter, Shima Abdollahi, Syam Mohan, and Yashwant V. Pathak; individual chapters, the contributors.