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Galectins Can Serve As Biomarkers in Covid-19: A Comprehensive Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Publisher Pubmed



Behnoush AH1, 2 ; Khalaji A1, 2 ; Alemohammad SY3 ; Kalantari A1 ; Cannavo A4 ; Dimitroff CJ5
Authors
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Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  2. 2. Non–Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  3. 3. Robert Stempel College of Public Health & Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
  4. 4. Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
  5. 5. Department of Translational Medicine, Translational Glycobiology Institute at Florida International University, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States

Source: Frontiers in Immunology Published:2023


Abstract

Background: Galectins are an eleven-member class of lectins in humans that function as immune response mediators and aberrancies in their expression are commonly associated with immunological diseases. Several studies have focused on galectins as they may represent an important biomarker and a therapeutic target in the fight against COVID-19. This systematic review and meta-analysis examined the usefulness of clinical assessment of circulating galectin levels in patients with COVID-19. Methods: International databases including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase were systematically used as data sources for our analyses. The random-effect model was implemented to calculate the standardized mean difference (SMD) and a 95% confidence interval (CI). Results: A total of 18 studies, comprising 2,765 individuals, were identified and used in our analyses. We found that Gal-3 is the most widely investigated galectin in COVID-19. Three studies reported significantly higher Gal-1 levels in COVID-19 patients. Meta-analysis revealed that patients with COVID-19 had statistically higher levels of Gal-3 compared with healthy controls (SMD 0.53, 95% CI 0.10 to 0.96, P=0.02). However, there was no significant difference between severe and non-severe cases (SMD 0.45, 95% CI -0.17 to 1.07, P=0.15). While one study supports lower levels of Gal-8 in COVID-19, Gal-9 was measured to be higher in patients and more severe cases. Conclusion: Our study supports Gal-3 as a valuable non-invasive biomarker for the diagnosis and/or prognosis of COVID-19. Moreover, based on the evidence provided here, more studies are needed to confirm a similar diagnostic and prognostic role for Gal-1, -8, and -9. Copyright © 2023 Behnoush, Khalaji, Alemohammad, Kalantari, Cannavo and Dimitroff.
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