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Effect of Surface Treatment of Halloysite Nanotubes (Hnts) on the Kinetics of Epoxy Resin Cure With Amines Publisher



Akbari V1 ; Jouyandeh M2 ; Paran SMR2 ; Ganjali MR2, 3 ; Abdollahi H4 ; Vahabi H5 ; Ahmadi Z6 ; Formela K7 ; Esmaeili A8 ; Mohaddespour A9 ; Habibzadeh S10 ; Saeb MR1
Authors
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Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Department of Resin and Additives, Institute for Color Science and Technology, P.O. Box: 16765-654, Tehran, Iran
  2. 2. Center of Excellence in Electrochemistry, School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, 11155-4563, Iran
  3. 3. Biosensor Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 11155-4563, Iran
  4. 4. Department of Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Urmia University, Urmia, 5756151818-165, Iran
  5. 5. Universite de Lorraine, CentraleSupelec, LMOPS, Metz, F-57000, France
  6. 6. Department of Chemistry, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, 1591634311, Iran
  7. 7. Department of Polymer Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, Gdansk, 80-233, Poland
  8. 8. Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering Technology and Industrial Trades, College of the North Atlantic-Qatar, 24449 Arab League St, Doha, 24449, Qatar
  9. 9. Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering and Technology, American University of Middle East, Egaila, 15453, Kuwait
  10. 10. Department of Chemical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran, 1591634311, Iran

Source: Polymers Published:2020


Abstract

The epoxy/clay nanocomposites have been extensively considered over years because of their low cost and excellent performance. Halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) are unique 1D natural nanofillers with a hollow tubular shape and high aspect ratio. To tackle poor dispersion of the pristine halloysite (P-HNT) in the epoxy matrix, alkali surface-treated HNT (A-HNT) and epoxy silane functionalized HNT (F-HNT) were developed and cured with epoxy resin. Nonisothermal differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analyses were performed on epoxy nanocomposites containing 0.1 wt. % of P-HNT, A-HNT, and F-HNT. Quantitative analysis of the cure kinetics of epoxy/amine system made by isoconversional Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (KAS) and Friedman methods made possible calculation of the activation energy (Eα) as a function of conversion (α). The activation energy gradually increased by increasing α due to the diffusion-control mechanism. However, the average value of Eα for nanocomposites was lower comparably, suggesting autocatalytic curing mechanism. Detailed assessment revealed that autocatalytic reaction degree, m increased at low heating rate from 0.107 for neat epoxy/amine system to 0.908 and 0.24 for epoxy/P-HNT and epoxy/A-HNT nanocomposites, respectively, whereas epoxy/F-HNT system had m value of 0.072 as a signature of dominance of non-catalytic reactions. At high heating rates, a similar behavior but not that significant was observed due to the accelerated gelation in the system. In fact, by the introduction of nanotubes the mobility of curing moieties decreased resulting in some deviation of experimental cure rate values from the predicted values obtained using KAS and Friedman methods. © 2020 by the authors.
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