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Optimization of Variables for Cadmium and Copper Removal Using Magnetic Nanocomposite Publisher



Hsu CY1 ; Mustafa MA2 ; Ghadir GK3 ; Bansal P4, 5 ; Kaur H6, 7 ; Mohammed AQ8 ; Abdulwahid AS9 ; Hussein AR10 ; Namaha SQ11 ; Ami AA12 ; Radi UK13 ; Alzubaidi LH14, 15, 16 ; Kazemi A17
Authors
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Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Department of Pharmacy, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan City, 71710, Taiwan
  2. 2. Department of Biology, College of Education, University of Samarra, Samarra, 34010, Iraq
  3. 3. Department of Computer Engineering, Institute of Graduate Programs, Al-Turath University, Al Mansour, Baghdad, 10013, Iraq
  4. 4. Department of Biotechnology and Genetics, Jain (Deemed-to-Be) University, Karnataka, Bengaluru, 560069, India
  5. 5. Department of Allied Healthcare and Sciences, Vivekananda Global University, Rajasthan, Jaipur, 303012, India
  6. 6. School of Basic & Applied Sciences, Shobhit University, Uttar Pradesh, Gangoh, 247341, India
  7. 7. Department of Health & Allied Sciences, Arka Jain University, Jharkhand, Jamshedpur, 831001, India
  8. 8. Department of Dentistry, Al-Manara College for Medical Sciences, University of Misan, Maysan, Amarah, Iraq
  9. 9. Department of Medical Engineering, Al-Hadi University College, Baghdad, 10011, Iraq
  10. 10. Faculty of Science, Mazaya University College, Nasiriyah, Iraq
  11. 11. College of Dentistry, Al-Esraa University, Baghdad, Iraq
  12. 12. Department of Medical Laboratories Technology, Al-Nisour University College, Baghdad, Iraq
  13. 13. College of Pharmacy, National University of Science and Technology, Nasiriyah, Iraq
  14. 14. College of Technical Engineering, The Islamic University of Najaf, Najaf, Iraq
  15. 15. College of Technical Engineering, The Islamic University of Al Diwaniyah, Al Diwaniyah, Iraq
  16. 16. College of Technical Engineering, The Islamic University of Babylon, Babylon, Iraq
  17. 17. School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

Source: BMC Chemistry Published:2025


Abstract

This study aims to investigate cadmium and copper ultrasound-assisted removal efficiency on a laboratory scale using a cobalt ferrite/activated carbon (COF/AC) composite as an adsorbent. For this purpose, the effect of four independent variables (i.e., composite amount, pH, heavy metal concentrations, and ultrasound radiation time) on the performance of the cadmium and copper removal was investigated. The COF/AC composite was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and vibrating-sample magnetometer (VSM). The SEM and XRD techniques showed the successful synthesis of the COF/AC composite. The COF/AC composite has a surface area of 659.4 m2 g−1, an average diameter of 3.6 nm, and a pore volume of 0.482 cm3 g−1. In this study, R2 ˃ 0.99 and Adj-R2 ˃ 0.98 for both analytes signify a high agreement between the obtained laboratory data and the model-predicted data. The analysis results for heavy metal removal revealed the following optimal conditions: the composite content of 0.22 g, ultrasound radiation time of 22 min, concentration of 19 mg L−1, and pH of 5. Under optimal conditions, the maximum removal efficiency reached 93.46% and 97.45% for cadmium and copper, respectively. The COF/AC composite reuse results showed no significant decrease in removal efficiency up to 4 times of use during the adsorption and desorption process. Analysis of real samples showed that the removal rates of cadmium and copper were 89.62% and 96.37%, respectively. © The Author(s) 2025.
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