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An Innovative and Eco-Friendly Modality for Synthesis of Highly Fluorinated Graphene by an Acidic Ionic Liquid: Making of an Efficacious Vehicle for Anti-Cancer Drug Delivery Publisher



Jahanshahi M1, 2 ; Kowsari E1 ; Haddadiasl V3 ; Khoobi M4 ; Bazri B1 ; Aryafard M5 ; Lee JH6 ; Kadumudi FB7 ; Talebian S8, 9 ; Kamaly N6, 10 ; Mehrali M11 ; Dolatshahipirouz A7, 12
Authors
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Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Amirkabir University of Technology, Department of Chemistry, Tehran, 1591634311, Iran
  2. 2. Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, 4340847, Iran
  3. 3. Amirkabir University of Technology, Department of Polymer Engineering and Color Technology, Tehran, 1591634311, Iran
  4. 4. The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1417614411, Iran
  5. 5. University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Science, Branisovska 1760, Ceske Budejovice, 37005, Czech Republic
  6. 6. Technical University of Denmark, Department of Micro and Nanotechnology, DTU Nanotech, Bioinspired Nanomaterials Lab, Kgs, Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
  7. 7. Department of Health Technology, Institute of Biotherapeutic Engineering and Drug Targeting, Center for Intestinal Absorption and Transport of Biopharmaceuticals, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, 2800 Kgs, Denmark
  8. 8. University of Wollongong, Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, 2522, NSW, Australia
  9. 9. University of Wollongong, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, AIIM Facility, 2522, NSW, Australia
  10. 10. Imperial College London, Department of Chemistry, Molecular Science Research Hub, London, W12 0BZ, United Kingdom
  11. 11. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
  12. 12. Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Department of Dentistry – Regenerative Biomaterials, Radboud University, Nijmegen, 6525EX, Netherlands

Source: Applied Surface Science Published:2020


Abstract

Fluorination of graphene nanomaterials has multitude merits owing to the peculiar temperament of the carbon-fluorine (C-F) bond. However, the current synthesis modalities of fluorinated graphene (FG) are based on the usage of toxic materials at high temperatures, which are problematic to be used. The methods to overcome these problems are challenging for chemists. Ionic liquids (ILs) have been used in several chemical processes as auxiliaries and eco-friendly alternatives instead of volatile organic solvents because of their properties. Consequently, herein we exploited a highly effective and green process for the synthesis of FG at mild temperature (80 °C) by using ammonium fluoride salt as fluorine agent and a synthesized acidic IL ([TEA]+[TFA]–) as a solvent. Our goal was to synthesize enriched FG with a high degree of fluorination (66.4 wt.% of F) and F/C ratio (2.2), which measured and confirmed by XPS analysis. Subsequently, the obtained FG was used as a nanocarrier for delivery of curcumin to cancerous cells. The in-vitro results showed that these nanosheets possessed a higher Cur-loading efficiency (78.43%) than commercial FG (52.12%) due to the sheet-like structure with folded edges. This, in turn, translated into an excellent in-vitro anti-cancer effect when tested against cancerous cells. © 2020 Elsevier B.V.