The Barriers to Therapeutic Communication in Psychiatric Wards: A Focused Ethnography Publisher



Z Raisi ZAHRA ; S Khodabandeh Shahraki SEDIGHEH ; B Bagheryan BEHNAZ ; N Dehgahn Nayeri NAHID
Source: BMC Nursing Published:2025

Abstract

Background and aim: Identifying the influential factors affecting effective nurse-patient communication in psychiatric wards may facilitate the development of strategies to enhance communication. The aim of this study was to explore the barriers to therapeutic communication (TC) in psychiatric wards. Methods: This qualitative study was conducted in 2022 using Spradley’s focused ethnography. Participants included 32 nurses, auxiliary nurses, psychologists, physicians, nursing managers, patients, and patient companions purposively selected from the emergency wards of a psychiatric hospital in Iran. Data were collected through observations, interviews, field notes, and fieldwork journals and were analyzed using Spradley’s method. Findings: Four main cultural themes emerged from the 47 codes on TC barriers in psychiatric wards: different worlds of care, inappropriate portrayals of clinical interactions with patients, stressful care environments, and sociocultural norms. These cultural themes encompassed twelve cultural components. Conclusion: A broad range of nurse-related, patient-related, environmental, and sociocultural factors may act as barriers to TC in psychiatric wards. Study findings can be utilized to develop strategies for managing the barriers to TC in psychiatric wards. © 2025 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.