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Global Retinoblastoma Presentation and Analysis by National Income Level Publisher Pubmed



Fabian ID1, 2 ; Abdallah E3 ; Abdullahi SU4 ; Abdulqader RA5 ; Adamou Boubacar S6 ; Ademolapopoola DS7 ; Adio A8 ; Afshar AR9 ; Aggarwal P10 ; Aghaji AE11 ; Ahmad A12 ; Akib MNR13 ; Al Harby L14 ; Al Ani MH15 Show All Authors
Authors
  1. Fabian ID1, 2
  2. Abdallah E3
  3. Abdullahi SU4
  4. Abdulqader RA5
  5. Adamou Boubacar S6
  6. Ademolapopoola DS7
  7. Adio A8
  8. Afshar AR9
  9. Aggarwal P10
  10. Aghaji AE11
  11. Ahmad A12
  12. Akib MNR13
  13. Al Harby L14
  14. Al Ani MH15
  15. Alakbarova A16
  16. Portabella SA17
  17. Albadri SAF18
  18. Alcasabas APA19
  19. Aldahmash SA20
  20. Alejos A21
  21. Alemanyrubio E22
  22. Alfa Bio AI23
  23. Alfonso Carreras Y24
  24. Alhaddad C25
  25. Alhussaini HHY26
  26. Ali AM27
  27. Alia DB28
  28. Aljadiry MF18
  29. Aljumaly U29
  30. Alkatan HM20
  31. Alleriksson C30
  32. Almafrachi AARM31
  33. Almeida AA32
  34. Alsawidi KM33
  35. Alshaheen AASM5
  36. Alshammary EH34
  37. Amiruddin PO35
  38. Antonino R36
  39. Astbury NJ1
  40. Atalay HT37
  41. Atchaneeyasakul LO38
  42. Atsiaya R39
  43. Attaseth T40
  44. Aung TH41
  45. Ayala S42
  46. Baizakova B43
  47. Balaguer J44
  48. Balayeva R16
  49. Balwierz W45
  50. Barranco H44
  51. Bascaran C1
  52. Beck Popovic M46
  53. Benavides R47
  54. Benmiloud S48
  55. Bennani Guebessi N49
  56. Berete RC50
  57. Berry JL51
  58. Bhaduri A52
  59. Bhat S53
  60. Biddulph SJ54
  61. Biewald EM55
  62. Bobrova N56
  63. Boehme M55
  64. Boldt HC57
  65. Bonanomi MTBC58
  66. Bornfeld N55
  67. Bouda GC59
  68. Bouguila H60
  69. Boumedane A61
  70. Brennan RC62
  71. Brichard BG63
  72. Buaboonnam J38
  73. Calderonsotelo P64
  74. Calle Jara DA65
  75. Camuglia JE66
  76. Cano MR67
  77. Capra M68
  78. Cassoux N69
  79. Castela G70
  80. Castillo L71
  81. Catalamora J72
  82. Chantada GL72, 73, 74
  83. Chaudhry S75
  84. Chaugule SS76
  85. Chauhan A77
  86. Chawla B78
  87. Chernodrinska VS79
  88. Chiwanga FS80
  89. Chuluunbat T81
  90. Cieslik K82
  91. Cockcroft RL83
  92. Comsa C84
  93. Correa ZM85
  94. Correa Llano MG72
  95. Corson TW86
  96. Cowanlyn KE87
  97. Csoka M88
  98. Cui X89
  99. Da Gama IV90
  100. Dangboon W91
  101. Das A92
  102. Das S93
  103. Davanzo JM94
  104. Davidson A95
  105. De Potter P63
  106. Delgado KQ96
  107. Demirci H97
  108. Desjardins L98
  109. Diaz Coronado RY99
  110. Dimaras H100
  111. Dodgshun AJ101
  112. Donaldson C102
  113. Donato Macedo CR103
  114. Dragomir MD84
  115. Du Y104
  116. Du Bruyn M105
  117. Edison KS106
  118. Eka Sutyawan IW107
  119. El Kettani A49
  120. Elbahi AM33
  121. Elder JE108, 109
  122. Elgalaly D110
  123. Elhaddad AM110
  124. Elhassan MMA111
  125. Elzembely MM27
  126. Essuman VA112
  127. Evina TGA113
  128. Fadoo Z114
  129. Fandino AC73
  130. Faranoush M115
  131. Fasina O116
  132. Fernandez DDPG117
  133. Fernandezteijeiro A118
  134. Foster A1
  135. Frenkel S119
  136. Fu LD120
  137. Fuentesalabi SL121
  138. Gallie BL100
  139. Gandiwa M122
  140. Garcia JL123
  141. Garcia Aldana D124
  142. Gassant PY24
  143. Geel JA125
  144. Ghassemi F126
  145. Giron AV21
  146. Gizachew Z127
  147. Goenz MA121
  148. Gold AS128
  149. Goldberglavid M129
  150. Gole GA66
  151. Gomel N130
  152. Gonzalez E131
  153. Gonzalez Perez G132
  154. Gonzalezrodriguez L22
  155. Garcia Pacheco HN133
  156. Graells J134
  157. Green L135
  158. Gregersen PA136
  159. Grigorovski NDAK137
  160. Guedenon KM138
  161. Gunasekera DS139
  162. Gunduz AK140
  163. Gupta H141
  164. Gupta S142
  165. Hadjistilianou T143
  166. Hamel P144
  167. Hamid SA145
  168. Hamzah N146
  169. Hansen ED147
  170. Harbour JW148
  171. Hartnett ME147
  172. Hasanreisoglu M37
  173. Hassan S4
  174. Hassan S4
  175. Hederova S150
  176. Hernandez J151
  177. Hernandez LMC96
  178. Hessissen L152
  179. Hordofa DF153
  180. Huang LC154
  181. Hubbard GB155
  182. Hummlen M156
  183. Husakova K150
  184. Hussein Aljanabi AN157
  185. Ida R36
  186. Ilic VR158
  187. Jairaj V159
  188. Jeeva I114
  189. Jenkinson H160
  190. Ji X89
  191. Jo DH161
  192. Johnson KP162
  193. Johnson WJ163
  194. Jones MM102
  195. Kabesha TBA164
  196. Kabore RL59
  197. Kaliki S165
  198. Kalinaki A166
  199. Kantar M167
  200. Kao LY168
  201. Kardava T169
  202. Kebudi R170
  203. Kepak T171
  204. Kerenfroim N129
  205. Khan ZJ172
  206. Khaqan HA173
  207. Khauv P174
  208. Kheir WJ175
  209. Khetan V176
  210. Khodabande A126
  211. Khotenashvili Z169
  212. Kim JW51
  213. Kim JH177
  214. Kiratli H178
  215. Kivela TT179
  216. Klett A180
  217. Komba Palet JEK181
  218. Krivaitiene D182
  219. Kruger M183
  220. Kulvichit K184
  221. Kuntorini MW35
  222. Kyara A80
  223. Lachmann ES185
  224. Lam CPS186
  225. Lam GC187
  226. Larson SA57
  227. Latinovic S188
  228. Laurenti KD189
  229. Le BHA190
  230. Lecuona K191
  231. Leverant AA192
  232. Li C193
  233. Limbu B194
  234. Long QB195
  235. Lopez JP196
  236. Lukamba RM197
  237. Lumbroso L98
  238. Lunafineman S198
  239. Lutfi D199
  240. Lysytsia L200
  241. Magrath GN163
  242. Mahajan A201
  243. Majeed AR135
  244. Maka E88
  245. Makan M202
  246. Makimbetov EK203
  247. Manda C122
  248. Martin Begue N17
  249. Mason L204
  250. Matende IO39
  251. Materin M175
  252. Mattosinho CCDS137
  253. Matua M205
  254. Mayet I54
  255. Mbumba FB206
  256. Mckenzie JD108, 207
  257. Medinasanson A208
  258. Mehrvar A209
  259. Mengesha AA210
  260. Menon V211
  261. Mercado GJVD19
  262. Mets MB189
  263. Midena E212
  264. Mishra DKC213
  265. Mndeme FG214
  266. Mohamedani AA215
  267. Mohammad MT216
  268. Moll AC217
  269. Montero MM218
  270. Morales RA64
  271. Moreira C219
  272. Mruthyunjaya P154
  273. Msina MS214
  274. Msukwa G122
  275. Mudaliar SS141
  276. Muma KI220
  277. Munier FL221
  278. Murgoi G84
  279. Murray TG128
  280. Musa KO222
  281. Mushtaq A12
  282. Mustak H191
  283. Muyen OM223
  284. Naidu G54
  285. Nair AG224, 225
  286. Naumenko L226
  287. Ndoye Roth PA227
  288. Nency YM228
  289. Neroev V229
  290. Ngo H230
  291. Nieves RM218
  292. Nikitovic M158
  293. Nkanga ED231
  294. Nkumbe H113
  295. Nuruddin M232
  296. Nyaywa M233
  297. Obonoobiang G234
  298. Oguego NC11
  299. Olechowski A82
  300. Oliver SCN235
  301. Oseibonsu P236
  302. Ossandon D237
  303. Paezescamilla MA148
  304. Pagarra H13
  305. Painter SL160
  306. Paintsil V236
  307. Paiva L238
  308. Pal BP239
  309. Palanivelu MS213
  310. Papyan R240
  311. Parrozzani R212
  312. Parulekar M160
  313. Pascual Morales CR151
  314. Paton KE241
  315. Pawinskawasikowska K45
  316. Peer J119
  317. Pena A120
  318. Peric S242
  319. Pham CTM243
  320. Philbert R244
  321. Plager DA86
  322. Pochop P245
  323. Polania RA246
  324. Polyakov VG247, 248
  325. Pompe MT249
  326. Pons JJ250
  327. Prat D2
  328. Prom V176
  329. Purwanto I251
  330. Qadir AO252
  331. Qayyum S12
  332. Qian J253
  333. Rahman A106
  334. Rahman S9
  335. Rahmat J146
  336. Rajkarnikar P194
  337. Ramanjulu R213
  338. Ramasubramanian A77
  339. Ramirezortiz MA254
  340. Raobela L255
  341. Rashid R256
  342. Reddy MA14
  343. Reich E257
  344. Renner LA258
  345. Reynders D259
  346. Ribadu D260
  347. Riheia MM261
  348. Rittersovinz P262
  349. Rojanaporn D40
  350. Romero L134
  351. Roy SR232
  352. Saab RH263
  353. Saakyan S229
  354. Sabhan AH18
  355. Sagoo MS264
  356. Said AMA265
  357. Saiju R194
  358. Salas B266
  359. San Roman Pacheco S267
  360. Sanchez GL268
  361. Sayalith P269
  362. Scanlan TA80
  363. Schefler AC42
  364. Schoeman J259
  365. Sedaghat A270
  366. Seregard S30
  367. Seth R271
  368. Shah AS131
  369. Shakoor SA272
  370. Sharma MK273
  371. Sherief ST127
  372. Shetye NG274
  373. Shields CL275
  374. Siddiqui SN149
  375. Sidi Cheikh S276
  376. Silva S70
  377. Singh AD94
  378. Singh N176
  379. Singh U277
  380. Singha P91
  381. Sitorus RS278
  382. Skalet AH279
  383. Soebagjo HD199
  384. Sorochynska T56
  385. Ssali G280
  386. Stacey AW281
  387. Staffieri SE108, 282
  388. Stahl ED283
  389. Stathopoulos C221
  390. Stirn Kranjc B249
  391. Stones DK284
  392. Strahlendorf C285
  393. Suarez MEC286
  394. Sultana S256
  395. Sun X287
  396. Sundy M279
  397. Superstein R144
  398. Supriyadi E251
  399. Surukrattanaskul S288
  400. Suzuki S289
  401. Svojgr K290
  402. Sylla F291
  403. Tamamyan G240
  404. Tan D195
  405. Tandili A28
  406. Tarrillo Leiva FF292
  407. Tashvighi M209
  408. Tateshi B293
  409. Tehuteru ES294
  410. Teixeira LF103, 295
  411. Teh KH146
  412. Theophile T296
  413. Toledano H297
  414. Trang DL243
  415. Traore F298
  416. Trichaiyaporn S288
  417. Tuncer S299
  418. Tyautyau H300
  419. Umar AB4
  420. Unal E301
  421. Uner OE155
  422. Urbak SF302
  423. Ushakova TL247, 248
  424. Usmanov RH303
  425. Valeina S304
  426. Van Hoefen Wijsard M217
  427. Varadisai A184
  428. Vasquez L292
  429. Vaughan LO87
  430. Velevakrasteva NV79
  431. Verma N142
  432. Victor AA278
  433. Viksnins M304
  434. Villacis Chafla EG65
  435. Vishnevskiadai V2
  436. Vora T274
  437. Wachtel AE99
  438. Wackernagel W305
  439. Waddell K205
  440. Wade PD306
  441. Wali AH307
  442. Wang YZ308
  443. Weiss A281
  444. Wilson MW309
  445. Wime ADC238
  446. Wiwatwongwana A310
  447. Wiwatwongwana D310
  448. Wolley Dod C17
  449. Wongwai P311
  450. Xiang D312
  451. Xiao Y313
  452. Yam JC186
  453. Yang H314
  454. Yanga JM315
  455. Yaqub MA316
  456. Yarovaya VA317
  457. Yarovoy AA317
  458. Ye H314
  459. Yousef YA216
  460. Yuliawati P107
  461. Zapata Lopez AM99
  462. Zein E318
  463. Zhang C319
  464. Zhang Y308
  465. Zhao J319
  466. Zheng X320
  467. Zhilyaeva K226
  468. Zia N145
  469. Ziko OAO265
  470. Zondervan M1
  471. Bowman R1, 321
Show Affiliations
Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Medicine, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom
  2. 2. Goldschleger Eye Institute, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
  3. 3. Ophthalmology Department of Rabat, Mohammed v University, Rabat, Morocco
  4. 4. Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria
  5. 5. Basra Children's Specialty Hospital, Basra, Iraq
  6. 6. National Hospital of Niamey, Niamey, Niger
  7. 7. University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
  8. 8. Department of Ophthalmology, University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
  9. 9. University of California, San Francisco, United States
  10. 10. Department of Pediatrics, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
  11. 11. Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Enugu, Nigeria
  12. 12. Children's Hospital and the Institute of Child Health, Lahore, Pakistan
  13. 13. RS Dr Wahidin Sudirohusodo, Makassar, Indonesia
  14. 14. Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust and Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
  15. 15. Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Iraq
  16. 16. Zarifa Aliyeva National Center of Ophthalmology, Baku, Azerbaijan
  17. 17. Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
  18. 18. Pediatric Oncology Unit, Children Welfare Teaching Hospital, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
  19. 19. Philippine General Hospital, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines
  20. 20. College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  21. 21. Unidad Nacional de Oncologia Pediatrica, Guatemala City, Guatemala
  22. 22. Instituto Cubano de Oftalmologia Ramon Pando Ferrer, Marianao, Havana, Cuba
  23. 23. University of Parakou, Parakou, Benin
  24. 24. St Damien Pediatric Hospital, Port-Au-Prince, Haiti
  25. 25. Department of Ophthalmology, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
  26. 26. Pediatric Oncology Department, National Oncology Center, Sana'a, Yemen
  27. 27. Pediatric Oncology Department, South Egypt Cancer Institute, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
  28. 28. University Hospital Center Mother Theresa, Tirana, Albania
  29. 29. Imam Hussein Cancer Center, Karbala, Iraq
  30. 30. St Erik Eye Hospital, Stockholn, Sweden
  31. 31. Ibn Al Haitham Teaching Eye Hospital, Baghdad, Iraq
  32. 32. Beira Central Hospital, Beira, Mozambique
  33. 33. Tripoli Eye Hospital, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya
  34. 34. Oncology Unit, Child's Central Teaching Hospital, Baghdad, Iraq
  35. 35. National Eye Center, Cicendo Eye Hospital, Bandung, Indonesia
  36. 36. Bambino Gesu IRCCS Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
  37. 37. Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
  38. 38. Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
  39. 39. Lighthouse for Christ Eye Centre, Mombasa, Kenya
  40. 40. Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
  41. 41. Yangon Eye Hospital, University of Medicine 1, Yangon, Myanmar
  42. 42. Retina Consultants of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
  43. 43. Scientific Center of Pediatrics and Pediatric Surgery, Almaty, Kazakhstan
  44. 44. Pediatric Oncology Unit, Hospital Universitario y Politecnico la Fe, Valencia, Spain
  45. 45. Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Children's University Hospital of Krakow, Krakow, Poland
  46. 46. Pediatric Hematology-Oncology Unit, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
  47. 47. Hospital Nacional de Ninos Dr Carlos Saenz Herrera, San Jose, Costa Rica
  48. 48. Department of Pediatric Oncology, University Hassan II Fes, Fez, Morocco
  49. 49. Center Hospitalier et Universitaire Ibn Rochd, Casablanca, Morocco
  50. 50. Ophthalmologic Department of the Teaching Hospital of Treichville, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire
  51. 51. Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States
  52. 52. Calcutta Medical Research Institute, Kolkata, India
  53. 53. Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Narayana Health City, Bangalore, India
  54. 54. University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
  55. 55. Department of Ophthalmology, Essen University Hospital, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
  56. 56. Filatov Institute of Eye Diseases and Tissue Therapy, Odessa, Ukraine
  57. 57. Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States
  58. 58. Hospital das Clinicas da FMUSP, Sao Paulo, Brazil
  59. 59. Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Yalgado Ouedraogo de Ouagadougou, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
  60. 60. Institut Hedi Rais d'Ophtalmologie, Faculte de Medecine, Universite Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
  61. 61. Etablissement Hospitaliere Specialise Emir Abdelkader CEA Service d'Oncologie Pediatrique, Oran, Algeria
  62. 62. Solid Tumor Division, Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
  63. 63. Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussel, Belgium
  64. 64. Hospital Infantil Manuel de Jesus Rivera, Managua, Nicaragua
  65. 65. Hospital Del Nino Dr. Francisco de Icaza Bustamante, Guayaquil, Ecuador
  66. 66. Department of Ophthalmology, Queensland Children's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  67. 67. Salud Ocular, Ministerio de Salud Publica, Asuncion, Paraguay
  68. 68. Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
  69. 69. Institut Curie, Universite de Paris Medicine Paris v Descartes, Paris, France
  70. 70. Centro Hospital Universitario de Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
  71. 71. Hospital Pereira Rossell, Montevideo, Uruguay
  72. 72. Hospital Sant Joan de Deu, Barcelona, Spain
  73. 73. Hospital Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina
  74. 74. NationalScientific and Technical Research Council, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
  75. 75. Paediatric Ophthalmology Department, Mayo Hospital and College of Allied Visual Sciences, King Edward Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan
  76. 76. Department of Ophthalmic Plastic Surgery, Orbit and Ocular Oncology, PBMA's H. V. Desai Eye Hospital, Pune, Maharashtra, India
  77. 77. University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
  78. 78. Ocular Oncology Service, Dr Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
  79. 79. Eye Clinic, Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Alexandrovska, Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
  80. 80. Muhimbili National Hospital, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
  81. 81. National Center for Maternal and Children Health of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
  82. 82. Department of Ophthalmology, Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland
  83. 83. Starship Children's Health, Auckland, New Zealand
  84. 84. Institute of Oncology, Dr Al. Trestioreanu, Bucharest, Romania
  85. 85. Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
  86. 86. Indiana University Medical Center, Indianapolis, United States
  87. 87. Bustamante Hospital for Children, Kingston, Jamaica
  88. 88. Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
  89. 89. Department of Ophthalmology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
  90. 90. Quelimane Central Hospital, Quelimane, Mozambique
  91. 91. Department of Ophthalmology, Songklanagarind Hospital, Prince of Songkla University, Songkla, Thailand
  92. 92. Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Tata Medical Center, Kolkata, India
  93. 93. Ocular Oncology Services, Dr Shroff's Charity Eye Hospital, New Delhi, India
  94. 94. Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
  95. 95. Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital and the University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
  96. 96. National Children's Hospital, Panama City, Panama
  97. 97. Department of Ophthalmology, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States
  98. 98. Institut Curie, Paris, France
  99. 99. Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima, Peru
  100. 100. Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
  101. 101. Department of Paediatrics, University of Otago, Christchurch, Children's Haematology and Oncology Center, Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand
  102. 102. Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  103. 103. Pediatric Oncology Institute, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
  104. 104. Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
  105. 105. University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
  106. 106. Ophthalmology Department, Dr M. Djamil General Hospital, Andalas University, West Sumatra, Indonesia
  107. 107. Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University, Bali, Indonesia
  108. 108. Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
  109. 109. Department of Paediatrics, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
  110. 110. Children's Cancer Hospital Egypt 57357, Cairo, Egypt
  111. 111. Department of Oncology, National Cancer Institute, University of Gezira, Wadi Madani, Sudan
  112. 112. Ophthalmology Unit, Department of Surgery, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
  113. 113. Magrabi ICO Cameroon Eye Institute, Yaounde, Cameroon
  114. 114. Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
  115. 115. Pediatric Growth and Development Research Center, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  116. 116. Department of Ophthalmology, University College Hospital, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  117. 117. Mi Clinic, Ciudad del Este, Paraguay
  118. 118. Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Sevilla, Spain
  119. 119. Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
  120. 120. Hospital Escuela, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
  121. 121. Pediatric Oncology Department, Benjamin Bloom National Children's Hospital, San Salvador, El Salvador
  122. 122. Lions Sight First Eye Hospital, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre, Malawi
  123. 123. ClinicaAnglo American, Lima, Peru
  124. 124. Servicio Andaluz de Salud, Sevilla, Spain
  125. 125. Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, Johannesburg, South Africa
  126. 126. Retina and Vitreous Service, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  127. 127. Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  128. 128. Murray Ocular Oncology and Retina, Miami, FL, United States
  129. 129. Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
  130. 130. Department of Ophthalmology, Sourasky Medical Center Tel Aviv, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
  131. 131. Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
  132. 132. Hospital Civil de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
  133. 133. Pediatric Oncology Unit, Instituto Regional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas Del sur, Arequipa, Peru
  134. 134. Unidad de Oncologia Ocular Hospital Oncologico Luis Razzetti, Caracas, Venezuela
  135. 135. IAM NOOR Eye Care Programme, Afghanistan
  136. 136. Department of Clinical Genetics and Center for Rare Disorders, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
  137. 137. National Cancer Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
  138. 138. Departement de Pediatrie, CHU Sylvanus Olympio, Universite de Lome, Lome, Togo
  139. 139. National Cancer Institute, Maharagama, Sri Lanka
  140. 140. Department of Ophthalmology, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
  141. 141. Bai Jerbai Wadia Hospital for Children, Mumbai, India
  142. 142. King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India
  143. 143. Retinoblastoma Referral Center, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
  144. 144. Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
  145. 145. Indus Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
  146. 146. Hospital Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
  147. 147. John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States
  148. 148. Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
  149. 149. Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, Al Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
  150. 150. University Children's Hospital, Bratislava, Slovakia
  151. 151. Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen, Lima, Peru
  152. 152. Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Center, Mohammed v University, Rabat, Morocco
  153. 153. Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Jimma University Medical Center, Jimma, Ethiopia
  154. 154. Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
  155. 155. Emory Eye Center, Atlanta, GA, United States
  156. 156. Department of Ophthalmology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
  157. 157. Oncology Unit, Child Central Teaching Hospital, Baghdad, Iraq
  158. 158. Institute for Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
  159. 159. Pacific International Hospital, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea
  160. 160. Eye Department, Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
  161. 161. Fight Against Angiogenesis-Related Blindness Laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
  162. 162. Clinica Oftalmologica Pasteur, Santiago, Chile
  163. 163. Storm Eye Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, United States
  164. 164. Bukavu Eye Clinic, Bukavu Official University, Bukavu, Democratic Republic Congo
  165. 165. Operation Eyesight Universal Institute for Eye Cancer, L v Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
  166. 166. Department of Ophthalmology, Makerere University College of Health Sciences Kamplala, Uganda
  167. 167. Division of Pediatric Oncology, School of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
  168. 168. Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
  169. 169. Ophthalmology Department, Central Children's Hospital of Georgia, Tbilisi, Georgia
  170. 170. Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
  171. 171. St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Masaryk University, International Clinical Research Center/St Anna University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
  172. 172. Dhaka Medical College Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  173. 173. Department of Ophthalmology, Postgraduate Medical Institute, Lahore General Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan
  174. 174. Angkor Hospital for Children, Krong Siem Reap, Cambodia
  175. 175. Duke Eye Center, Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC, United States
  176. 176. Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
  177. 177. Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
  178. 178. Ocular Oncology Service, Department of Ophthalmology, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
  179. 179. Ocular Oncology Service, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
  180. 180. East Tallinn Central Hospital, Tallinn, Estonia
  181. 181. Oncologue Pediatre Responsable d'Unite de Bangui, Bangui, Central African Republic
  182. 182. Children's Ophthalmology Department, Children's Hospital of Vilnius, University Hospital Santaros Clinic, Vilnius, Lithuania
  183. 183. Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
  184. 184. Vitreo-Retina Research Unit, Department of Ophthalmology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
  185. 185. University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
  186. 186. Hong Kong Eye Hospital, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, Hong Kong
  187. 187. Perth Children's Hospital, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
  188. 188. Clinical Center of Vojvodina, University Eye Clinic, Eye Research Foundation Vidar-Latinovic, Novi Sad, Serbia
  189. 189. Division of Ophthalmology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
  190. 190. John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, University of Southern California Roski Eye Institute, Los Angeles, United States
  191. 191. Division of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
  192. 192. Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, United States
  193. 193. Affiliated Hospital of Dali University, Dali City, China
  194. 194. Tilganga Institute of Ophthalmology, Kathmandu, Nepal
  195. 195. Singapore National Eye Center, Singapore, Singapore
  196. 196. Ophthalmology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
  197. 197. University Clinics of Lubumbashi, University of Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic Congo
  198. 198. Pediatric Hematology/Oncology/Stem Cell Transplantation, Center for Global Health, University of Colorado, Aurora, United States
  199. 199. Department of Ophthalmology, Dr Soetomo General Hospital, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
  200. 200. Okhmatdyt National Children's Hospital, Kiev, Ukraine
  201. 201. Pediatric Hematology-Oncology Unit, Apollo Center for Advanced Pediatrics, Indraprastha Apollo Hospital, New Delhi, India
  202. 202. Sekuru Kaguvi Eye Unit, Parirenyatwa Group of Hospitals, Harare, Zimbabwe
  203. 203. National Center of Oncology and Hematology, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
  204. 204. University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, United States
  205. 205. Ruharo Eye Centre, Ruharo Mission Hospital, Mbarara, Uganda
  206. 206. Scottish Livingstone Hospital, Molepolole, Botswana
  207. 207. Department of Ocular Oncology, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  208. 208. Department of Oncology, Hospital Infantil de Mexico Federico Gomez, Mexico City, Mexico
  209. 209. MAHAK Hematology Oncology Research Center, Mahak Hospital, Tehran, Iran
  210. 210. Department of Ophthalmology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
  211. 211. Centre for Sight, New Delhi, India
  212. 212. Department of Ophthalmology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
  213. 213. Sankara Eye Hospital, Bangalore, India
  214. 214. Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania
  215. 215. Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Gezira, Wad Medani, Sudan
  216. 216. King Hussein Cancer Center, Amman, Jordan
  217. 217. Department of Ophthalmology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
  218. 218. Hospital Infantil Dr Robert Reid Cabral, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
  219. 219. Service d'Oncologie Pediatrique de l'Hopital Aristide le Dantec, Dakar, Senegal
  220. 220. Ministry of Health, Lusaka, Zambia
  221. 221. Jules-Gonin Eye Hospital, Fondation Asile de Aveugles, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
  222. 222. Department of Ophthalmology, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, College of Medicine of the University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
  223. 223. Abii Specialists Hospital, Bamenda, Cameroon
  224. 224. Aditya Jyot Eye Hospital, Mumbai, India
  225. 225. Lokmanya Tilak Municipal General Hospital and Medical College, Mumbai, India
  226. 226. N.N. Alexandrov National Cancer Centre of Belarus, Minsk, Belarus
  227. 227. Cheikh Anta Diop University, Le Dantec Hospital, Dakar, Senegal
  228. 228. Child Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia
  229. 229. Moscow Helmholtz Research Institute of Eye Diseases, Moscow, Russian Federation
  230. 230. Ho Chi Minh Eye Hospital, Ho Chi Minh, Viet Nam
  231. 231. Department of Ophthalmology, Calabar Children's Eye Center, University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar, Nigeria
  232. 232. Chittagong Eye Infirmary and Training Complex, Chittagong, Bangladesh
  233. 233. Arthur Davison Children's Hospital, Ndola, Zambia
  234. 234. CHU Angondje Cancerologie, Libreville, Gabon
  235. 235. Sue Anschutz-Rodgers Eye Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, United States
  236. 236. Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana
  237. 237. Clinica Alemana de Santiago, Universidad Del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
  238. 238. National Ophthalmological Institute of Angola, Luanda, Angola
  239. 239. H M Diwan Eye Foundation, Tata Medical Center, Kolkata, India
  240. 240. Department of Oncology, Yerevan State Medical University, Hematology Center after R. H. Yeolyan, Yerevan, Armenia
  241. 241. University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
  242. 242. University Hospital Center Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
  243. 243. Vietnam National Institute of Ophthalmology, Ha Noi, Viet Nam
  244. 244. Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Kamenge, Bujumbura, Burundi
  245. 245. Department of Ophthalmology for Children and Adults, Second Faculty of Medicine, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
  246. 246. Fundacion Clinica Valle Del Lili, Cali, Colombia
  247. 247. Head and Neck Tumors Department, SRI of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, N.N. Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center, Moscow, Russian Federation
  248. 248. Russian Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education, Moscow, Russian Federation
  249. 249. University Eye Hospital Ljubljana, University Medical Center Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
  250. 250. Good Shepherd Hospital, Siteki, Swaziland
  251. 251. Sardjito Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
  252. 252. Hiwa Cancer Hospital, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
  253. 253. Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and Ear Nose, Throat Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
  254. 254. Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital Infantil de Mexico Federico Gomez, Mexico City, Mexico
  255. 255. Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Joseph Ravoahangy Andrianavalona, Antananarivo, Madagascar
  256. 256. Department of Oculoplasty and Ocular Oncology, Ispahani Islamia Eye Institute and Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  257. 257. Department of Ophthalmology, Davidoff Center for Oncology, Tel Aviv University, Israel
  258. 258. School of Medicine and Dentistry, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
  259. 259. University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
  260. 260. Federal Medical Center, Yola, Nigeria
  261. 261. Nampula Central Hospital, Nampula, Mozambique
  262. 262. Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
  263. 263. Children's Cancer Institute, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
  264. 264. NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Ophthalmology, Moorfields Eye Hospital, Royal London Hospital, London, United Kingdom
  265. 265. Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
  266. 266. Hospital Dr Manuel Ascencio Villarroel, Cochabamba, Bolivia
  267. 267. Pediatric Hemato-Oncology, Hospital Universitario Infantil la Paz, Madrid, Spain
  268. 268. Hospital Solca Quito, Quito, Ecuador
  269. 269. Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Laos
  270. 270. Department of Ophthalmology, Rasool Akram Hospital, Tehran, Iran
  271. 271. Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
  272. 272. National Institute of Ophthalmology, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  273. 273. East Timor Eye Program, Dili, Timor-Leste
  274. 274. Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India
  275. 275. Ocular Oncology Service, Wills Eye Hospital, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
  276. 276. Ophthalmology Department, Nouakchott Medical University, Nouakchott, Mauritania
  277. 277. Department of Ophthalmology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
  278. 278. Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
  279. 279. Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, United States
  280. 280. Mulago National Referral Hospital, Kampala, Uganda
  281. 281. Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
  282. 282. Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  283. 283. Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO, United States
  284. 284. Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
  285. 285. BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
  286. 286. Pediatra Hemato-Oncologa, Instituto Oncologico Del Oriente Boliviano, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia
  287. 287. Henan Children's Hospital, Affiliated Children's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
  288. 288. Queen Sirikit National Institute of Child Health, Bangkok, Thailand
  289. 289. Department of Ophthalmic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
  290. 290. Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
  291. 291. Africa Institute of Tropical Ophthalmology, Bamako, Mali
  292. 292. Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins, Lima, Peru
  293. 293. University Eye Clinic, Skopje, North Macedonia
  294. 294. National Cancer Center, Dharmais Cancer Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
  295. 295. Ophthalmology Department, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
  296. 296. Kabgayi Eye Unit, Gitarama, Rwanda
  297. 297. Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Schneider Children's Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
  298. 298. Pediatric Oncology Service, Gabriel Toure Hospital, Bamako, Mali
  299. 299. Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Ocular Oncology Service, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
  300. 300. Universite Adam Barka, Abeche, Chad
  301. 301. Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
  302. 302. Department of Ophthalmology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
  303. 303. National Cancer Center of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
  304. 304. Children's Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia
  305. 305. Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
  306. 306. Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria
  307. 307. National Eye Center Kaduna, Kaduna, Nigeria
  308. 308. Department of Paediatrics, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
  309. 309. Department of Surgery, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
  310. 310. Department of Ophthalmology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
  311. 311. Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
  312. 312. Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Guangzhou Children's Hospital and Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
  313. 313. Kunming Children's Hospital, Kunming, China
  314. 314. State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
  315. 315. Service d'Ophtalmologie, Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa, Universite de Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic Congo
  316. 316. Armed Forces Institute of Ophthalmology, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
  317. 317. S.Fyodorov Eye Microsurgery Federal State Institution, Moscow, Russian Federation
  318. 318. Assistante Hospitalo Universitaire, Faculte de Medecine de Nouakchott Medecin Oncopediatre, Center National d'Oncologie, Nouakchott, Mauritania
  319. 319. Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
  320. 320. Department of Ophthalmology, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
  321. 321. Ophthalmology Department, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom

Source: JAMA Oncology Published:2020


Abstract

Importance: Early diagnosis of retinoblastoma, the most common intraocular cancer, can save both a child's life and vision. However, anecdotal evidence suggests that many children across the world are diagnosed late. To our knowledge, the clinical presentation of retinoblastoma has never been assessed on a global scale. Objectives: To report the retinoblastoma stage at diagnosis in patients across the world during a single year, to investigate associations between clinical variables and national income level, and to investigate risk factors for advanced disease at diagnosis. Design, Setting, and Participants: A total of 278 retinoblastoma treatment centers were recruited from June 2017 through December 2018 to participate in a cross-sectional analysis of treatment-naive patients with retinoblastoma who were diagnosed in 2017. Main Outcomes and Measures: Age at presentation, proportion of familial history of retinoblastoma, and tumor stage and metastasis. Results: The cohort included 4351 new patients from 153 countries; the median age at diagnosis was 30.5 (interquartile range, 18.3-45.9) months, and 1976 patients (45.4%) were female. Most patients (n = 3685 [84.7%]) were from low-and middle-income countries (LMICs). Globally, the most common indication for referral was leukocoria (n = 2638 [62.8%]), followed by strabismus (n = 429 [10.2%]) and proptosis (n = 309 [7.4%]). Patients from high-income countries (HICs) were diagnosed at a median age of 14.1 months, with 656 of 666 (98.5%) patients having intraocular retinoblastoma and 2 (0.3%) having metastasis. Patients from low-income countries were diagnosed at a median age of 30.5 months, with 256 of 521 (49.1%) having extraocular retinoblastoma and 94 of 498 (18.9%) having metastasis. Lower national income level was associated with older presentation age, higher proportion of locally advanced disease and distant metastasis, and smaller proportion of familial history of retinoblastoma. Advanced disease at diagnosis was more common in LMICs even after adjusting for age (odds ratio for low-income countries vs upper-middle-income countries and HICs, 17.92 [95% CI, 12.94-24.80], and for lower-middle-income countries vs upper-middle-income countries and HICs, 5.74 [95% CI, 4.30-7.68]). Conclusions and Relevance: This study is estimated to have included more than half of all new retinoblastoma cases worldwide in 2017. Children from LMICs, where the main global retinoblastoma burden lies, presented at an older age with more advanced disease and demonstrated a smaller proportion of familial history of retinoblastoma, likely because many do not reach a childbearing age. Given that retinoblastoma is curable, these data are concerning and mandate intervention at national and international levels. Further studies are needed to investigate factors, other than age at presentation, that may be associated with advanced disease in LMICs. © 2020 American Medical Association. All rights reserved.