Synthesis Techniques of Smart Coatings Publisher



Bakhshi A ; Naghib SM
Source: Published:2025

Abstract

The development of smart coatings for bioimplants relies on various synthesis techniques aimed at enhancing their performance and biocompatibility. These advanced coatings are designed to respond to dynamic physiological conditions and interact with the surrounding biological environment. These coatings can provide a protective barrier and enable the controlled release of therapeutic agents, making them essential for applications in orthopedics, cardiovascular interventions, and beyond. Some common synthesis methods include sol-gel processing, chemical vapor deposition, and electrospinning, which allow for precise control over coating thickness, composition, and surface properties. One common approach is the use of layer-by-layer assembly, where alternating layers of polymers and bioactive molecules are deposited on the implant's surface. This method allows for precise control over the coating's thickness and composition, enabling tailored release of drugs or growth factors. Additionally, plasma deposition techniques, such as plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition or plasma spraying, are employed to create biocompatible coatings with improved adhesion to implant surfaces. Additionally, biomimetic approaches are increasingly employed to create coatings that mimic the natural properties of tissues and cells (e.g., biomineralization), promoting better integration with the host organism. Incorporating responsive materials, such as polymers that can change their properties in response to environmental cues (e.g., pH, electromagnetic fields, and temperature), enables these coatings to adapt to shifting conditions and enhance their long-term effectiveness in bioimplant applications. Some desired biofeatures of smart implants include self-healing, promotion of cell adhesion, and reduction of inflammation. Machine learning (ML) and 4D printing techniques represent the cutting edge of biomaterials research, offering great promise for improving the durability and biocompatibility of bioimplants in the field of medical technology. © 2025 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.